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Physiology II > Exam 1: Renal Physiology (Lectures 1-3) > Flashcards

Exam 1: Renal Physiology (Lectures 1-3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five renal functions?

A

1) RBC Synthesis

2) H2O and Electrolyte Balance

3) Excrete Metabolic Wastes and Foreign Chemicals

4) Regulate Arterial Blood Pressure via RAAS

5) Vit D Production

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2
Q

Total body water gain is primarily accomplished by the _______ while Total body water loss primarily occurs through the _____

A

ingestion of liquids and foods; through the kidneys

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3
Q

The primary mechanism regulating body water is the ___, which drives thirst, and the _____, which set the rate of urinary excretion

A

CNS; kidneys

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

True or False: Kidneys produce renin, aldosterone, angiotensinogen, and erythropoietan

A

False - kidneys produce
1) renin
2) aldosterone
3) erythropoietan

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6
Q

True or False: The kidney is an exocrine organ

A

False - kidney is an endocrine organ

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7
Q

How will erythropoietan be affected by a decrease in blood oxygen delivery to the kidneys?

A

Erythropoietan levels will be increased

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8
Q

True or False: Renal pathophysiology may result in anemia

A

True

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9
Q

The kidneys use 1-alpha-hydroxylase (proximal tubule) to convert ____ into the active hormone ____.

A

Vit D3; Calcitriol

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10
Q

True or False: Calcitriol increases calcium, magnesium, and phosphate absorption in the intestines

A

True

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11
Q

True or False: During prolong fasting, the kidneys are able to make glucose from amino acids

A

True

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12
Q

Where does urine formation begin?

A

Glomerular capillaries

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13
Q

Urinary Excretion = ?

A

Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion

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14
Q

True or False: Reabsorption can be passive or active

A

True

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15
Q

If the concentration of a substance is greater in the urine than in the filtrate, what does this suggest happened to the filtrate?

A

It was filtered and secreted

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16
Q

The [of any substance] in the urine depends on:
1)
2)
3)

A

1) serum concentration
2) ratio of filtration:reabsorption:secretion
3) rate of water reabsorption

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17
Q

To assess renal function, measure the concentration of the substance in the ____, ____, as well as the _____ rate

A

urine, blood, and urinary flow rate

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18
Q

What structures make up the “filtration unit” of the kidney?

A

Renal Corpuscle
(Glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule)

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19
Q

The reabsorption and secretion units of the nephron are the ____ and the ____

A

tubules; blood vessels

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20
Q

True or False: The tubule is composed of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Tubule, and Collecting Duct

A

True

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21
Q

Which nephrons barely dip into the medulla?

A

Cortical nephrons

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22
Q

What is the peritubular capillary network in Juxta-medullary nephrons known as?

A

vasa recta

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23
Q

True or False: The Loop of Henle in Juxta-Medullary Nephrons dips deep into the medulla

A

True

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24
Q

Blood flow in the vasa recta contributes to the hypertonic medulla, as high ___ can wash out the medulla

A

flow rate

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25
Q

The glomerulus is supplied by ___ and drained by ___

A

afferent arteriole; efferent arterioles

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26
Q

The glomerular capillaries contain ____, or windows, that facilitate filtration

A

fenestrations

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27
Q

___ surrounds glomerular capillaries

A

Podocytes

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28
Q

________: collects the filtrate from the capillaries and directs it to the proximal tubule

A

Bowman’s Capsule

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29
Q

Which tubule in the nephron reduces volume of filtrate by reabsorbing ~2/3rd of water and majority of nutrients?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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30
Q

The thin descending limb is water _____ and the thick ascending limb is water _____

A

permeable; impermeable

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31
Q

The ionic gradient established by the Na/K/2Cl in the ______ is used to reabsorb ___ from the _____

A

Thick ascending limb
water; collecting duct

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32
Q

______ returns and runs adjacent to the originating glomerulus, providing feedback

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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33
Q

True or False: Distal convoluted tubule regulates reabsorption of water

A

False - ions

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34
Q

Where does ADH (AVP) act?

A

Collecting Tubule/System

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35
Q

Two major cell types in collecting tubule + their functions?

A

Principal Cells: Reabsorbs water and salt by secreting K into lumen

Intercalated Cells: Reabsorbs K by secreting H

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36
Q

____: the structure located at intersection of distal tubule and afferent/efferent arterioles.

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

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37
Q

Where is the primary site for renin release?

A

JGA Apparatus

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38
Q

What cell types are found in the distal tubule?
A. Squamous epithelia
B. Cuboidal epithelia
C. Columnar epithelia

A

B. Cuboidal epithelia

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39
Q
A
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40
Q

What are the types of receptors/cell types present in the afferent arteriole?

A

Baroreceptors
Granular cells

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41
Q

Where are osmoreceptors found in the JGA?

A. Distal Tubule
B. Afferent Arterioles
C. Efferent Arterioles

A

A. Distal Tubule

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42
Q

___ contains renin vesicles
A. Granular Cells
B. Macula Densa
C. Osmoreceptors

A

A. Granular Cells

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43
Q

Mesangial cells help regulate GFR via: secretion of what two molecules?
A. NO and NE
B. Cyotokines and Prostaglandins
C. Renin

What type of cells regulate capillary blood flow and the surface area for filtration?

A

B. Cyotokines and Prostaglandins

Endothelial cels

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44
Q

Deposition of immune complexes in the _____
triggers an inflammatory response, which can lead to glomerular scarring (sclerosis)
and loss of glomerular function

A. Distal Tubule
B. Mesangium
C. Afferent Arteriole
D. Efferent Arteriole

A

B. Mesangium

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45
Q

True or False: The JGA
regulates systemic volume and blood pressure by releasing renin into the circulation

A

True

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46
Q

True or False: The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus in each nephron regulates its own capillary
permeability and arteriole resistance which
establishes the pressure gradient for GFR.

A

True

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47
Q

What three structures make up the glomerular filtration barrier?

A

1) Endothelium
2) Basement Membrane
3) Podocytes and Slit Diaphragm

note: all of these are negative

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48
Q

The glomerular capillary barrier serves as a filter based on ____ and ___

A

molecular size and charge

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49
Q

Pore in the slit diaphagm pass ___ and ____ but selectively restrain medium (albumin) to large proteins (IgG)

A

water; electrolytes

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50
Q

Molecules that are LESS than __ A in radius can easily pass through the glomerular barrier

A

20 A

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51
Q

Examples of molecules that are less than 20 A in radius (and, therefore, can easily pass through the glomerular barrier)

A

1) Urea
2) Water
3) Electrolytes
4) Glucose
5) B2-microglobulin

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52
Q

Molecules ranging between ___ A are limited by the molecular size and their ____

A

20-42 A
charge

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53
Q

Same sizes molecules with a ___ charge have higher filtration rates

A

positive

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54
Q

How does neutralization of glomerular barrier affect filtration of plasma protein?

A

Neutralization of glomerular barrier increases filtration of plasma protein

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55
Q
A
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56
Q

In a normal healthy kidney, molecules larger than __A are restricted by size

A

42 A

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57
Q

Despite having a radius of 36A, albumin is unable to pass through the glomerular filter. Why?

A

Albumin is negatively charged, which reduces its permeability

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58
Q

What are the major regulators of renal blood flow and filtration rate?

A. Vasa recta
B. Proximal Tubule
C. Afferent/Efferent Arterioles

A

C. Afferent/Efferent Arterioles

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59
Q

How is hydrostatic pressure required for filtration obtained?

A

The afferent/efferent arterioles ensure there is high pressure within the glomerular capillary bed

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60
Q

The efferent arteriole branches to form _____

A

peritubular capillaries

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61
Q

True or False: Peritubular capillaries have high capillary pressure and low oncontic pressure

A

False - peritubular capillaries have normal capillary pressure and high oncontic pressure

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62
Q

Why do the peritubular capillaries have high oncotic pressure?**

A

Due to loss of protein free filtrate in glomerulus

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63
Q

What is normal Pgc and Pbc value?

A

Pgc = 55 mmHg
Pbc = 15 mmHg

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64
Q

What is the pressure gradient for filtration?

A

40 mmHg
(Pg-Pbc)
(55-15)

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65
Q

True or False: Proteins create a concentration gradient for the movement of water and will “pull” water into that compartment

A

True

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66
Q

____ pressures oppose hydrostatic pressure

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

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67
Q

What is the pressure gradient that opposes filtration?

A

= 30 mmHg pressure gradient that opposes filtration

(30-0)

(GC Oncotic Pressure) - (BC Oncotic Pressure)

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68
Q

How do you calculate Net Filtration Pressure?

A
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69
Q

Under normal conditions, the net pressure for filtration is:
A. 10 mmHg
B. 15 mmHg
C. 30 mmHg
D. 35 mmHg

A

A. 10 mmHg

70
Q

_____: the measure of a membrane’s permeability to water. It is the product of the SA and permeability to water.

A

Filtration Coefficient (Kf)

71
Q

Normal Kf value? GFR?

A

Kf = 12.5
GFR = 125

72
Q

Capillary pressure will be opposed by inward ____ in bowman’s capsule

A

hydrostatic pressure

73
Q

When the plasma is filtered into Bowman’s Space, there is/is not proteins

A

is not
(as a result oncotic pressure in Bowman’s Space =0)

74
Q

When the plasma is filtered and proteins are left in the capillaries, the abundance of proteins increases ___ pressure in the ____

A

capillaries

75
Q

In a healthy person, ___ is regulated by tone of afferent and efferent arterioles

A. RBF
B. GFR
C. RAAS

A

GFR

76
Q

Under normal physiological conditions, GFR is regulated by changing:
A. Pbc
B. Pgc
C. Oncotic gc
D. Oncotic bc

A

B. Pgc

77
Q

How are renal blood flow (RBF), Pgc (glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure) and GFR affected by constriction/dilation of efferent arteriole?

A
78
Q

True or False: If 100% of substance is bound to protein, it will be filtered

A

False - it will NOT be filtered

79
Q

_____: Avoids swings in arterial pressure, maintains RBF and GFR

A

Autoregulation

80
Q

The autoregulatory range is ~
A. 20-40 mmHg
B. 50-100 mmHg
C. 60-120 mmHg
D. 90-180 mmHg

A

D. 90-180 mmHg

81
Q

GFR and RBF remain
relatively constant over an
arterial pressure range of
_____

A

~90-180 mmHg

82
Q

Below __ mmHg, RBF and
GFR will follow arterial
pressure.

A

90 mmHg

83
Q

How do mesangial cells regulate GFR?

A. Induce arteriole contraction via Angiotensin II/Endothelin
B. Induce arteriole contraction via NO and PE
C. Induce arteriole relaxation via PGE2

A

A. Induce arteriole contraction via Angiotensin II/Endothelin

C. Induce arteriole relaxation via PGE2

84
Q

True or False: Sympathetic nerves innervate both arterioles and are tonically active at low levels

A

True

85
Q

A fall in blood pressure, fear, pain, heavy exercise, etc. activates the sympathetic nervous system.

Does activation of sympathetic nervous system affect the afferent or efferent arteriole?

A

Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System causes constriction of AFFERENT arteriole, leading to decrease in RBF and GFR

86
Q

True or False: Renin release and formation of Angiotensin I is induced by high ECF volume and low renal perfusion pressure

A

False - Renin release/formation of Angiotensin I is induced by decreased ECF volume as well as low renal perfusion pressure)

87
Q

What structure is found in the afferent arteriole to sense pressure?
A. Osmoreceptor
B. Baroreceptor
C. Sympathetic Nerves

What is release by afferent arteriole in response to decrease in blood pressure?

A

B. Baroreceptor

Renin

88
Q

True or False: Beta-1 agonists (like NE and Epinephrine) inhibit renin release

A

False - Beta-1 agonists (like NE and Epinephrine) increase renin release

89
Q

The macula densa cells of the distal tubule are activated in response to:
A. volume depletion and Osm changes
B. elevated volume and decrease Osm
C. stress/anxiety

A

A.

90
Q

Ang II supports GFR when ___ decreases

A

Renal plasma flow (RPF)

91
Q

True or False: AT2 receptors predominate and are responsible for systemic vasoconstriction

A

False - AT1 receptors predominate and
are responsible for systemic vasoconstriction (increases TPR and BP)

92
Q

Ang II has a preferential effect on which arteriole?

When Ang II acts on Efferent Arteriole, how are GFR/RPF/systemic blood pressure affected?

A

Efferent Arteriole

GFR/RPF/systemic BP become elevated

93
Q

True or False: AngII induced constriction of the efferent arteriole preserves GFR and renal function

A

True

94
Q

Angiotensin II also selectively promotes the reabsorption of what two molecules to further increase water volume and blood pressure?
A. Na and Cl
B. Na and H2O
C. Na and K
D. renin and aldosterone

A

B. Na and water

95
Q

What cells of the kidney generate NO?

A

Endothelial cells

96
Q

Which arteriole does NO preferentially dilate to maintain GFR and renal blood flow?

A

The Afferent Arteriole

97
Q

What would occur if NO were inhibited?

A

-Increased basal tone
-Enhanced vasoconstriction
-Reduced GFR
-Reduced renal blood flow

98
Q

Where do vasodilatory prostaglandins preferentially act?
A. Macula densa cells
B. Efferent Arteriole
C. Baroreceptors
D. Afferent arteriole

A

D. Afferent Arteriole

99
Q

What conditions stimulate vasodilatory prostaglandin production?

A

1) Decreased ECF volume
2) Angiotensin II
3) sympathetic nerves
4) Stress/surgery

100
Q

How do prostaglandins —especially
PGI2—prevent harmful degrees of vasoconstriction, which would otherwise cause renal ischemia?

A

Prostaglandins —e.g PGI2— cause vasodilation, thereby counteracting the vasoconstrictor effects of catecholamines and angiotensin II

101
Q

Inhibition of PGs will cause unopposed constriction of which arteriole?

A

Afferent Arteriole

102
Q

Bradykinin is a vasodilator that works by stimulating the release of what two molecules from endothelial cells?

A

Nitric oxide and prostaglandins

103
Q

How do bradykinins (vasodilator) affect GFR and RBF?

A

Increase GFR and RBF

104
Q

Since ACE breaks down bradykinin, part of the BP-lowering and renal vasodilatory effects of ACE inhibitors are attributed to enhanced
___ levels.

A

bradykinin

105
Q

Are thromboxane and PGF2α vasodilators and vasoconstrictiors?

A

Vasoconstrictors

106
Q

Why is the transcellular movement of water (in response to osmotic pressure) so high in the proximal tubule?

A

Aquaporins

107
Q

AQP-1 is present in the _____ while AQP-2 is found in the _____.

A

proximal tubule; collecting duct

108
Q

How does the proximal tubule increase the
SA for transport mechanisms and reabsorption?

A. Microvilli in apical membrane and folds in the the basolateral membrane

B. Microvilli in the basolateral membrane and folds in the aplical membrane

A

A. Microvilli in apical membrane and folds in the the basolateral membrane

109
Q

True or False: There are aquaporin channels in both the apical and basolateral
membranes of the PCT

A

True

110
Q

Where are the tight-leaky junctions of the proximal convoluted tubule located?

A

Apical surface

111
Q

In the proximal tubule, cells have a high
conductance for small ions resulting in high ______

A

para-cellular permeability

112
Q

___ of filtered NaCl, K, and water are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

__ of urea and __ of glucose and amino
acids are reabsorbed.

__ of bicarbonate
is “recovered” in the proximal tubule

A

65%

50%
100%

90%

113
Q

Why is there a minimal change in ionic concentrations or osmotic pressure in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

There’s a combined transport of solutes AND water

114
Q

Why does the proximal convoluted tubule only generate small concentration gradients?
A. High permeability
B. Small gradients
C. Low Ena

A

A. High permeability

115
Q

True or False: The thin descending limb is made of squamous epithelial and minimal mitochondria, suggesting no active transport occurs here.

A

True

116
Q

What cell type is the thick ascending limb made of?
A. Squamous
B. Columnar
C. Cuboidal

A

C. Cuboidal

117
Q

In addition to the proximal convolute tubule, which other tubule contains
folds on the surface of the basolateral
membrane to increase surface area?

A

Thick ascending limb

118
Q

Where is the Na/K/2Cl Co-transporter located?

A

Thick ascending limb

119
Q

Reabsorption is dependent upon the activity of the basolateral Na/K ATPase in the thick ascending limb, since it creates the electrochemical gradient for the reabsorption of what three molecules?

A

Na, K and Cl

120
Q

True or False: Both the thin and thick ascending limbs are impermeable to water

A

True

121
Q

The _______ is a zone for transition and feedback to the juxtaglomerular
apparatus.

A

The distal tubule

122
Q

What two molecules are primarily reabsorbed in the Distal Tubule via co-transporters?

A

Na, Cl
via: secondary active transport

123
Q

Which co-transporter does a thiazide diuretic block?
A. Na/K ATPase
B. Na-Cl Co Transporter
C. Na/K/2Cl Transporter
D. ADH

A

B. Na-Cl Co Transporter (distal convoluted tubule)

124
Q

True or False: Water permeability in the distal tubule is dependent upon the presence of antidiuretic hormone

A

True

125
Q

In the Collecting Duct, Na reabsorption is driven by a transporter located on the basolateral membrane. Namely:
A. Na-Cl Co Transporter
B. ADH
C. Na/K/2Cl
D. Na/K ATPase

A

D. Na/K ATPase

126
Q

What are the Na channels located on the apical membrane of Principal Cells of the Collecting Tubule Na reabsorption called?

A

Epithelial Na Channels
(ENaC)

127
Q

Epithelial Na Channels
(ENaC) work in
conjunction with apical K channels, which leads to __ reabsorption and __ excretion

A

Na ; K

128
Q

How does aldosterone promote K
secretion?
A. Regulates number and conductance of ENaC
B. Regulates number of open apical K+ channels

A

B. Regulates number of open apical K+ channels

129
Q

How does aldosterone promote Na reabsorption?
A. Regulates number and conductance of ENaC
B. Regulates number of open apical K+ channels

A

A. Regulates number and conductance of ENaC in CT

130
Q

What is the overall effect that aldosterone has on ions?

A

1) Retention of Na → Cl and water

2) Loss of K+.

131
Q

Which receptors do potassium-sparing diuretics (such as Amiloride) block?
A. Na/K ATPase
B. ENaC
C. Na/K/2Cl

A

B. ENaC
-on the apical membrane on Principal Cells of the CT

132
Q

Spironolactone can be used to block which molecule?
A. renine
B. aldosterone
C. K

A

B. aldosterone

thereby regulating Na/K
exchanger in the collecting tubules.

133
Q

What do Type A Intercalated cells secrete?
A. H+
B. HCO3
C. H-

What do Type A Intercalated cells generate?
A. H+
B. HCO3
C. H-

A

A. H+
B. HCO3

134
Q

What do Type B Intercalated cells secrete?
A. H+
B. HCO3
C. H-

What do Type B Intercalated cells generate?
A. H+
B. HCO3
C. H-

A

B. HCO3
A. H+

135
Q

What is the primary driving force for tubule reabsorption?
A. Na-K ATPase
B. Na-K-2Cl

A

A. Na-K ATPase

136
Q

True or False: Basolateral entry of sodium from lumen into tubular cells is driven by electrochemical gradient for sodium made by apical Na/K ATPase

A

False - Apical entry of sodium from lumen into tubular cells is driven by electrochemical gradient for sodium made by basolateral Na/K ATPase

137
Q

Sodium reabsorption occurs via:
A. Active transport
B. Passive diffusion

A

B. Passive diffusion

138
Q

Where is the Na-H exchanger located?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Distal Tubule
D. Collecting Duct

A

A. Proximal Tubule

139
Q

What drives the Na-H exchanger?
A. Sodium chemical gradient
B. Osmotic gradient
C. H gradient
D. Diffusion

A

A. Sodium chemical gradient

140
Q

Which Na-Symporters are found in the proximal tubule?
A. glucose, amino acids, phosphate, calcium, lactate
B. maltose, hydroxide, anaphylatoxins
C. fructose, nucleotides, and deoxynucleotides

A

A. glucose, amino acids, phosphate, calcium, lactate

141
Q

Where is ~2/3 of sodium reabsorbed?

A

Proximal tubule

142
Q

Where is the apical Na/K/2Cl located?
A. Proximal Tubule
B. Thin descending limb
C. Thick ascending limb
D. Collecting Duct

A

C. Thick ascending limb

143
Q

True or False: Na/K/2Cl is important for establishing salty medulla

A

True

144
Q

True or False: Osmotic gradient drives water reabsorption from collecting duct in the absence of ADH

A

False - Osmotic gradient drives water reabsorption from collecting duct when ADH is present

145
Q

Where is 25% of Na reabsorbed?
A. Proximal Tubule
B. Thick ascending limb
C. Thin descending limb
D. Collecting Duct

A

B. Thick ascending limb

146
Q

What two transporters contribute to sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?
A. Na/K ATPase
B. ENaC
C. Na/Ca2+ symporter
D. Na/Cl-

A

C. Na/Ca2+ symporter
D. Na/Cl-

147
Q

What channel do principal cells use to reabsorb sodium? What is this channel regulated by? How is sodium reabsorption achieved?

A

ENaC
Aldosterone
At expense of losing K

148
Q

Where is the Na-Glucose Co-Transporter located? What is it driven by?

A

Proximal tubule (apical membrane)
- Drive by EC gradient for sodium

149
Q

Amino acids are reabsorbed by a ___ symporter

A

Sodium

150
Q

How is water reabsorbed?
A. Osmotic gradients created by active transport mechanisms
B. Active transport
C. Na/Cl/K Co-transporters

A

A. Osmotic gradients created by active transport mechanisms

151
Q

True or False: The active transport of sodium out of cells creates an electrical gradient for the reabsorption of Cl-

A

True

152
Q

As water leaves the lumen, does the ion concentration in the tubular filtrate increase or decrease?

A

Increase

Increased concentration gradient favors diffusion out of lumen and into interstitial fluid

153
Q

True or False: When additional water is reabsorbed, the solutes in water are carried along

A

True

154
Q

True or False: Diffusion and co-transport of Cl- creates a negative charge in the interstitial fluid, which est. an electrical gradient for passive diffusion of cations (K, Ca, Mg)

A

True

155
Q

What will happen if active reabsorption of sodium occurs in the absence of water reabsorption?

A

Na will move down concentration gradient back into tubular lumen

156
Q

What is a major mechanism for total body K regulation?

A

Renal K excretion (takes hrs!)

157
Q

What three hormones help regulate extracellular concentration of K?

A

1) Insulin
2) Epinephrine
3) Aldosterone

158
Q

Does Insulin more K into cells or out of cells?

A

Into cells

159
Q

How can hyperkalemia be treated?

A

Insulin + glucose IV

160
Q

How does epinephrine promote K uptake and K release?

A

A-adrenoceptors -> releases of K from liver cells

Beta-2 adrenoceptors -> uptake of K.

161
Q

How does aldosterone promote hypokalemia?

A

Promotes K+ excretion in kidney - in exchange for Na/H2O reabsorption

162
Q

Like Na, the kidneys reabsorb K in the
A. Proximal Convoluted Tubule and Loop of Henle
B. Collecting Duct and Thin Ascending Limb
C. Collecting Duct and Thick Ascending Limb

A

C. Collecting Duct and Thick Ascending Limb

163
Q

Secretion of K occurs in the
________ via
principal cells

A

distal collecting tubules

164
Q

High dietary intake of K
results in:
A. Reabsorption
B. Filtration
C. Secretion

A

C. Secretion

165
Q

Low dietary intake of K
results in:
A. Reabsorption
B. Filtration
C. Secretion
D. Excretion

A

A. Reabsorption

166
Q

Lack of aldosterone often results in which condition?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hyponatremia

A

A. Hyperkalemia

167
Q

What are the two primary regulators of K
secretion?

A

Aldosterone and Plasma K+

168
Q

When a ______ is used to move a solute a maximal rate of transport exists because there is a maximal number of binding site

A

co-transporter

169
Q

The Tm (max transport) for glucose is 375mg/min. If the filtered
load is 400 mg/min, will glucose be present in the urine?

A

Since the filtered load exceeds Tm, the solute will begin to appear in the urine !

170
Q

__: represents the max resorptive capacity of the proximal tubule

A

Maximal Rate of Transport

171
Q

If delivery of the solute to the peritubular capillaries exceeds the Tm secretion rate for
that substance, then the remainder will be remain in the ____

A

circulation

172
Q

True or False: Hormones and drugs that bind to serum proteins have a longer half-life because the proteins are not filtered

A

True

Physiology II (23 decks)

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