Lecture 7 Flashcards
What characterizes acute kidney injury?
Reduction in renal function (GFR)
-leads to resulting in azotemia (too much urea and N2 in blood)
True or False: Oliguria (urine volume <400 ml/day) may be observed in acute kidney injury
True
True or False: Acute kidney injury could arise secondary to a dental surgical procedure and/or procedure-related drug treatment
True
Prolonged systemic hypotension, sepsis, hypovolemia, or renal artery obstruction can lead to what type of acute renal injury?
Pre-renal injury
Acute tubular necrosis is an example of what kind of acute kidney injury?
Intra-renal injury
Causes of acute tubular necrosis?
-Aminoglycoside antibiotics
(gentamicin, tobramycin),
-Tetracycline
-Radiocontrast
-Ischemia
_____: immune system activation causes inflammation, sclerosis and obstruction.
Sepsis
(intra-renal injury)
Anything that causes urinary tract obstruction will result in what type of renal injury?
Post-renal injury
True or False: Inadequate perfusion or hypoxia leads to cellular dysfunction, death (necrosis) and sloughing of renal tubular epithelial cells
True
Where parts of the kidney does acute tubular necrosis affect first and WHY?
PCT and thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
-These segments are the main
sites for ACTIVE transport and rely on O2 utilization a lot!!!
True or False: Occlusion of the tubular lumen may occur due to dead cells clumping or sloughing off
True
What is the effects of occlusion of the tubular lumen on GFR and fluid?
-Reduced GFR
-Leakage of fluid back into the interstitium
How can one recovery from acute kidney injury and acute tubular necrosis?
Regeneration of tubule cells
If the initial insult (e.g. ischemia) has been corrected, the return of GFR to normal
can take _____ depending on the severity of the insult
3-21 days (or longer)
If acute renal injury does not occur or is incomplete, ______ results
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
True or False: Chronic Kidney Disease is defined as the presence of kidney damage (histological evidence or microalbuminuria) or decreased kidney function (GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) for 3 or more months
True
True or False: CKD can be a primary manifestation of a chronic disease which goes unrecognized
and/or is inadequately treated.
False - CKD can be a SECONDARY manifestation of a chronic disease which goes unrecognized and/or is inadequately treated
Diabetes mellitus contributes to
__% of the cases for severe
Chronic Kidney Disease while Hypertension
contributes to __% of CKD cases
45%; 27%
True or False: The presence of
CKD in either DM or HTN greatly increases the risk of dying from ischemic cardiovascular disease
True
Is mild to moderate (stage 1-3) CKD is symptomatic or asymptomatic
asymptomatic
How can you detect CKD early?
-Treat HTN/DM
-Check proteinuria or serum creatinine
Why should patients who do not have hypertension, but have microalbuminuria, should be placed on
anti-RAAS therapy?
Reduce proteinuria
