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Physiology II > Exam 1: Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Decrease Na intake leads to a ___ Na balance and
eventual ECF ____

A

negative; contraction

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3
Q

Increase Na intake leads to a ___ Na balance and eventual ECF ____

A

positive; expansion

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4
Q

Without the kidneys, changes in
dietary Na will result in ______ to maintain osmolarity.

A

excessive ECF expansion (or contraction)

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5
Q

Hypernatremia is associated with
A. Hyperosmolarlity
B. Hyposmolarity

A

A. Hyperosmolarlity

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6
Q

What is the best defense against hypernatremia?
A. Eating salty foods
B. Drinking water
C. Drinking gatorade

A

B. Drinking water

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7
Q

Patients with Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH will typically present as:
A. Hypovolemic-hyponatremic
B. Euvolemic-hypernatremic
C. Euvolemic-hyponatremic

A

C. Euvolemic-hyponatremic

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8
Q

What would you expect to see in a person with Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH?
A. Excessive water loss
B. Excessive water gain

A

B. Excessive water gain (retention)

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9
Q

How do you treat Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH?

A

1) Limit water intake
2) Block V2R receptor at the collecting duct (Tolvaptan)

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10
Q

True or False: Polydipsia can cause hypernatremia

A

False: Polydipsia can cause hyponatremia

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11
Q

When plasma osmolarity decreases, what happens to ADH concentrations?

Is there an increase or decrease in fluid loss?

A

Decrease
Increased fluid loss

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12
Q

_____: Volume expansion in the presence of low serum Na+
A. Hypervolemic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Euvolemic

A

A. Hypervolemic

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13
Q

What are common causes of hypervolemic-hyponatremia

A

Heart failure and cirrhosis

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14
Q

Heart failure results in
low cardiac output and a decrease in blood pressure stimulating the ___

A

RAAS

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15
Q

Cirrhosis is associated with peripheral arterial ____ and a reduction in___; baroreceptors respond by increasing the release of ___

A

vasodilation
blood pressure
ADH

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16
Q

Elevated ANP/BNP and edema would be visible in a patient with:
A. Euvolemic-hyponatremia
B. Hypervolemic-hyponatremia
C. Hypovolemic-hyponatremia

A

B. Hypervolemic-hyponatremia

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17
Q

____: Normal plasma volume with low serum Na+. It is characterized by inappropriate and persistent ADH release

A

Euvolemic-hyponatremia

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18
Q

CNS disease or malignant tumor secreting ADH is associated with:
A. Euvolemic-hyponatremia
B. Hypervolemic-hyponatremia
C. Hypovolemic-hyponatremia

A

A. Euvolemic-hyponatremia

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19
Q

Inappropriate ADH
secretion leads to retention of ____ and _____.

Secondary mechanisms induce ___ and __ excretion to restore euvolemia, but results in
____.

A

Na+ ; water
volume expansion
hyponatremia

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20
Q

Na in plasma is low; < 135mEq/L is associated with:
A. Hypovolemic-Hyponatremia
B. Euvolemic-Hyponatremia
C. Hypervolemic-Hyponatremia

A

A. Hypovolemic-Hyponatremia

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21
Q

What causes Hypovolemic-Hyponatremia?
A. Dehydration (sweating, burn, vomit, diarrhea, thiazide diuretics)
B. Overhydration (polydipsia)
C. ADH secreting tumor
D. hypercholesteremia

A

A. Dehydration (sweating, burn, vomit, diarrhea, thiazide diuretics)

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22
Q

Low urine [Na] <30mEq/L, Orthostatic intolerance, and dry mucous membranes are associated with:
A. Hypovolemic-Hyponatremia
B. Euvolemic-Hyponatremia
C. Hypervolemic-Hyponatremia

A

A. Hypovolemic-Hyponatremia

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23
Q

How is Hypovolemic-Hyponatremia treated?
A. Water intake
B. Saline infusion
C. Restrict water intake

A

B. Saline infusion

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24
Q

_____: Na in total plasma fraction is low due to hyperlipidemia

A

Pseudo-Hyponatremia

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25
Q

True or False: In Hypertonic-Hyponatremia, Na in plasma is reduced due to addition of effective osmole to plasma (e.g radiographic contrast agents)

A

True

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26
Q

Normal plasma Na+ concentration is:
A. 125-135 mEq/L
B. 135-145 mEq/L
C. 145-155 mEq/L
D. 155-165 mEq/L

A

B. 135-145 mEq/L

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27
Q

What is the most common disorder of electrolytes?

A

Hyponatremia

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28
Q

What causes low sodium?

A

Increased water intake and increased excretion/loss of sodium

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29
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the countercurrent mechanism?
A. Salty medulla creates ionic gradient for urine concentration
B. ADH helps with water retention when dehydrated
C. ADH release leads to a concentrated urine
D. Thick ascending limb is permeable to water
E. Na/K/2Cl co transporter is needed for CC mechanism

A

D. Thick ascending limb is permeable to water

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30
Q

Which structure senses fullness?
A. Detrusor muscle
B. Sensory Afferents
C. Somatic (Pudenal) Nerve
D. Efferent Nerves

A

B. Sensory Afferents (both the sympathetic and parasympathetic)

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31
Q

Which structure relaxes the detrusor muscle to store urine?
A. Parasympathetic Afferent
B. Hypogastric Nerve
C. Sympathetic Efferent
D. Parasympathetic Efferent

A

C. Sympathetic Efferent

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32
Q

Which system is responsible for contracting the internal sphincter to store pee?
A. Sympathetic (Hypogastric) Nerve
B. Parasympathetic (Sacral/Pelvic) Nerve
C. Parasympathetic Efferent

A

A. Sympathetic (Hypogastric) Nerve

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33
Q

Which structure contracts the detrusor muscle to urinate?
A. Parasympathetic Afferent
B. Hypogastric Nerve
C. Sympathetic Efferent
D. Parasympathetic Efferent

A

D. Parasympathetic Efferent

34
Q

Which nerve regulates the external sphincter and becomes under voluntary control at ~age 2 or 3?
A. Sacral Nerve
B. Pelvic Nerve
C. Hypogastric Nerve
D. Pudenal Nerve

A

D. Pudenal Nerve

35
Q

True or False: When the bladder is empty, there is no stretch, sensory afferent signals, or contraction of detrustor

A

True

36
Q

True or False: As the bladder fills, sympathetic nervous system afferents begin to cause mild reflexive contractions

A

False - As the bladder fills, parasympathetic nervous system afferents begin to cause mild reflexive contractions

37
Q

Which structure sends inhibitory signals to the detrusor muscle to relax?
A. Parasympathetic Afferent
B. Hypogastric Nerve
C. Sympathetic Efferent
D. Parasympathetic Efferent

A

C. Sympathetic Efferent

38
Q

Contraction of bladder via pudenal nerve results in:
A. Urination
B. Storing urine

A

B. Storing urine

39
Q

When the bladder is full, signaling by which structure causes frequent and forceful contractions of detrusor muscle?
A. Parasympathetic Afferent
B. Hypogastric Nerve
C. Sympathetic Efferent
D. Parasympathetic Efferent

A

A. Parasympathetic Afferent

40
Q

If SNS efferents no longer inhibit detrusor contractions, what happens to the internal sphincter?
A. Contracts
B. Relaxes
C. None of the above

A

B. Relaxes

41
Q

If pudenal nerve is inhibited, what happens to the external sphincter?
A. Contracts
B. Relaxes
C. None of the above

A

B. Relaxes
(and urination occurs)

42
Q

Which of the following is incorrect?
A. The detrusor muscle surrounds the bladder and assists with voiding
B. The internal sphincter is NOT under voluntary control, tone prevents voiding
C. External sphincter is innervated by pudenendal nerve and is under voluntary control by age 3
D. Parasympathetic efferents are active during filling and inactivated during voiding

A

D. Parasympathetic efferents are active during filling and inactivated during voiding

43
Q

Hypovolemic-Hypotonic-Hyponatremia is associated with which of the following:
A. Hyperlipidemia
B. Recent infusion of radiographic contrast
C. Tumor cause secretion of ADH
D. Burn injury, diarrhea, vomitting
E. Uncontrolled diabetes
F. None of the above

A

D. Burn injury, diarrhea, vomitting

44
Q

Euvolemic Hypotonic Hyponatremia is associated with which of the following:
A. Hyperlipidemia
B. Recent infusion of radiographic contrast
C. Tumor cause secretion of ADH
D. Burn injury, diarrhea, vomitting
E. Uncontrolled diabetes
F. None of the above

A

C. Tumor cause secretion of ADH

45
Q

Hypervolemic-Hypotonic Hyponatremia is associated with which of the following:
A. Hyperlipidemia
B. Recent infusion of radiographic contrast
C. Tumor cause secretion of ADH
D. Burn injury, diarrhea, vomitting
E. Heart failure -> low BP -> increase in RAAS
F. None of the above

A

E. Heart failure -> low BP -> increase in RAAS

46
Q

When urine is being diluted, is the filtrate in the thick ascending limb:
A. hyper-osmolar
B. hypo-osmolar
C. iso-osmolar

A

B. hypo-osmolar
(reabsorption of solutes without water)

47
Q

When urine is being diluted, is there high or small volume of urine? Is urine hyperosmotic or hypo-osmotic?

A

High volume of urine
Urine is hypo-osmotic

48
Q

Under dehydration conditions, reduced BP leads to release of which molecule?
A. NAP
B. BVP
C. ADH

A

C. ADH

49
Q

True or False: ADH leads to insertion of aquaporin in collecting tubule and reabsorption of glucose in the medulla

A

False - reabsorption of urea

50
Q

When urine is being concentrated, will there be a high or low urine volume? Will urine be hyper-osmotic or hypo-osmotic?

A

Low urine volume, hyper-osmotic

51
Q

True or False: Urea plays a major role in establishing countercurrent

A

True

52
Q

Consuming which food would reduce ADH secretion?
A. Watermelon
B. Hamburger and Fries
C. Salt water
D. Chips

A

A. Watermelon

53
Q

Where does ADH mediated insertion of AQP2 channels occur?
A. Proximal Tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Medulla (collecting tubule)
D. Macula Dense
E. Renal Cortex

A

C. Medulla (collecting tubule)

54
Q

Which of the following leads to water retention?
A. Baroreceptors
B. Osmoreceptors
C. Hypothalamus
D. Pituitary Gland
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

55
Q

True or False: The salty medulla is created by countercurrent mechanism

A

True

56
Q

The proximal tubule is a major site of water reabsorption. What creates the osmotic gradient that drives water reabsorption?

A

Na/K ATPase

57
Q

What prevents the formation of large ionic gradients in the proximal tubule?
A. High permeability
B. Low permeability
C. Iso-osmolar volume

A

A. High permeability

58
Q

ADH binds to receptors on which cell type?
A. Intercalated Cells
B. Hypothalamic Osmoreceptors
C. Principal Cells

A

C. Principal Cells (in CT)

59
Q

Is collecting duct typically water permeable?

A

No - only becomes water permeable with ADH

60
Q

ADH secretion is very sensitive to changes above
A. 200 mOsmo
B. 250 mOsmo
C. 280 mOsmo
D. 300 mOsm

A

C. 280 mOsmo

61
Q

Thirst is driven at:
A. 200 mOsmo
B. 260 mOsmo
C. 290 mOsmo
D. 310 mOsm

A

C. 290 mOsmo

62
Q

True or False: Hypothalamic osmoreceptors are activated in response to low plasma osmolarity.

A

False - activated in response to high plasma osmolarity

63
Q

True or False: When high blood pressure is sensed by arterial and atrial baroreceptors, ADH is released

A

False: When low blood pressure is sensed by arterial and atrial baroreceptors, ADH is released

64
Q

Increase water reabsorption in the absence of low volume or pressure will dilute plasma, leading to:

A

Hyponatremia

65
Q

What is normal plasma osmolarity?

A

280-295 mOsm

66
Q

____: Large urine volume, usually dilute
____: Small urine volume, usually concentrated

A

Diuresis: Large urine volume, usually dilute

Anti-diuresis: Small urine volume, usually concentrated

67
Q

What happens to urea transport and urinary concentrating power if NaCl transport out of the ascending limb is impaired??

A

-Urea transport out of collecting duct is impaired
-Urinary concentrating power is decreased

68
Q

The release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
is primarily regulated by what two structures?

A

1) hypothalamic osmoreceptors
2) arterial and atrial baroreceptors

69
Q

____: detect changes in plasma osmolality

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

70
Q

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus send signals via the _____to increase or decrease
ADH release

A

supraoptic and paraventricular neurons

71
Q

When osmolality is <280mOsm
(hypotonic), ADH secretion is _____

A

almost zero

72
Q

Which sphincter is innervated by the pudenal nerve?

A

External sphincter

73
Q

Is the internal sphincter under volunary or involuntary control?

A

involuntary control

74
Q

What prevents emptying of bladder until pressure in the fundus reaches a critical
threshold?

A

Tonic tone

75
Q

Parasympathetic efferents are very active during
___ and are inhibited during ____

A

voiding; filling

76
Q

Sympathetic activity is active during ___ of
the bladder. It is inhibited during _____

A

filling; voiding

77
Q

_____: a spinal reflex that is substantially modified by higher brain centers, including the brainstem (pontine micturition center), hypothalamus and
cortical areas.

A

The micturition reflex

78
Q

True or False: As the bladder fills, the smooth muscle is stretched outward, bladder pressure increases, and sacral sensory afferents are stimulated

A

True

79
Q

In a child without bladder control, the resultant stretching of the urethra sends a second
signal to the spinal cord to inhibit the tonically-active alpha-motor neurons innervating
the ______

A

external sphincter

80
Q

Relaxation of the external sphincter leads to ____

A

voiding

81
Q

True or False: In a person with intact brain function, the learned, voluntary control of the micturition reflex (i.e. control of the external sphincter) overrides the afferent signals and the external sphincter remains contracted until it is appropriate to micturate.

A

True

Physiology II (23 decks)

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