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Physiology II > Intro to Endocrinology (L11) > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrinology (L11) Flashcards

1
Q

Which neurosecretory cells are found in the hypothalamus?

Which endocrine cells are found in the anterior pituitary?

A

TRH and CRH

TSH and ACTH

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2
Q

Where does ACTH act to produce cortisol?
Where does TSH acts to make T3/T4?

A

ACTH = Adrenal Cortex
TSH = Thyroid

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3
Q

Prolactin, LH, GH, TSH, FSH are located in the:
A. Anterior Pituitary
B. Adrenal Cortex
C. Hypothalamus

A

A. Anterior Pituitary

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4
Q

How are the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary connected?

A

Vascularly

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5
Q

What is the path by which neurocrine hormones travel to reach the AP?

A

Nerve Terminal
Capillary Bed
Portal System
Anterior Pituitary

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6
Q

Peptides and Catecholamines
- major form in plasma?
- duration of effect?
- location of receptor?
- most common signaling mechanisms?

A
  • Free
  • Fast effect
  • Receptors in: plasma membrane
  • 2nd messengers/intrinsic enzyme activity/enzyme activation via receptor
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7
Q

Steroids and Thyroid Hormones
- major form in plasma?
- duration of effect?
- location of receptor?
- most common signaling mechanisms?

A

-Protein bound
-Slow effect (hours to days)
-Intracellular receptor
-Intracellular receptor DIRECTLY alters gene transcription

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8
Q

Activation of ____ leads to protein synthesis
A. Steroid hormones
B. Peptide hormones

A

A. Steroid hormones

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9
Q

True or False: Steroid hormones have a quick effect and have extracellular receptors

A

False - steroid hormones have intracellular receptors and have a DELAYED effect

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10
Q

Which type of hormone is able to bind to receptors and activate target cell?
A. Total horme
B. Bound hormone
C. Free hormone

A

C. Free hormones

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11
Q

True or False: Steroid hormones are hydrophobic and require transport proteins

A

True

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12
Q

Which hormones are made on demand?
A. Peptide hormones
B. Steroid hormones

A

B. Steroid hormones

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13
Q

True or False: All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol

A

True

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14
Q

Generation of the SAME second messenger in DIFFERENT tissues may generate SAME/DIFFERENT biological response?

A

Generation of the SAME second messenger in DIFFERENT tissues may generate DIFFERENT biological response

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15
Q

Activation of SAME receptor in SAME tissue by DIFFERENT hormones generates the SAME/DIFFERENT response

A

Activation of SAME receptor in SAME tissue by DIFFERENT hormones generates the SAME response

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16
Q

G-Protein Linked Receptors, Cytoplasmic JAK, Protein Kinases, and Ion Channels are examples of what type of cell surface receptors?

A

Peptide Hormone Receptors

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17
Q

True or False: Peptide Hormones are hydrophobic and require a transport protein

A

False - Peptide hormones are hydrophilic and do NOT require transport protein

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18
Q

What type of hormones store pre-formed hormones, which allows for a rapid response?

A

Peptide hormones

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19
Q

What type of hormones are associated with: calcium dependent exocytosis and large precursor pre-pro-hormones?

A

Peptide hormones

20
Q

Three structural classifications of hormones?

A

1) amino acid derivative - e.g thyroid hormone
2) peptides
3) steroids

21
Q

What type of hormone-hormone interaction is described below?

Hormones A and B both produce a significant change in the same biological response, but together they produce a response much greater than the sum?

A. Trophic
B. Synergy
C. Permisiveness
D. Counteregulation

A

B. Synergy

22
Q

____: hormones required for growth and maintenance of target cells (hypertrophy and atrophy) - they are also hormones that stimulate secretion of another hormone from an endocrine gland

A

Trophic

23
Q

What type of hormone-hormone interaction is described below?

Two hormones regulate the same variable (e.g plasma glucose) - one hormone INCREASES the variable while the other hormone DECREASES the variable

A

Counter-regulatory hormones

24
Q

What type of hormone-hormone interaction is described below?

Hormone A does NOT produce a significant change in biological response, but Hormone B does. When both hormones are present, hormone B’s response is much greater.

A. Trophic
B. Synergy
C. Permisiveness
D. Counter-regulation

A

C. Permisiveness

25
Q

___ regulates [serum] of free thyroid hormone
___ regulates [serum] of free cortisol

A

Thyroid hormone regulates [serum] of free thyroid hormone

Cortisol regulates [serum] of free cortisol

26
Q

What are examples of molecules that regulate biological effects of hormones?

A

Vasopressin
Insulin
Glucagon
PTH

27
Q

______ regulate and maintain setpoints to promote homeostasis

A

Negative feedback loops

28
Q

True or False: Feedback mechanisms control free plasma concentration and physiological variables regulated by some hormones

A

True

29
Q

Do negative feedback loops regulate:
A. plasma free [hormone]
B. physiological variable

A

B. physiological variable

30
Q

___: an increase or decrease in a variable that initiates a response that returns regulated variable towards desired setpoint

A

Negative Feedback Loops

31
Q

Which of the following may lead to decreased sensitivity?
A. Medication agonist
B. Medication antagonist
C. Decreased number of target cells
D. Increased number of target cells

A

B. medication antagonist

32
Q

What does this graph illustrate?

A
33
Q

What does this graph illustrate?

A
34
Q

Label the following graph:

A
35
Q

What is the most
common contributor to the
change in the number of
hormone-receptor complexes,
and hence the magnitude of the
biological response?

A

Rate of hormone secretion

36
Q

What two factors can affect receptor affinity (Ka)?

A

1) Allosteric modulators
2) Mutations - alters affinity of receptor for agonist

37
Q

Under what circumstances might number of receptors on target cells change?

A

Disease

38
Q

Low hormone concentration may lead to
___ of receptors

A

upregulation of

39
Q

Which of these statement is FALSE?
A. Number of receptors limits maximal number of HR complexes
B. The number of receptors is typically constant
C. Is regulated in non-diseases states

A

C. Is regulated in non-disease states
- it is regulated in non-disease states and normal reproductive physiology

40
Q

Due to the limited number of receptors on
target cells, ____occurs when all receptors
are occupied

A

saturation

41
Q

As the free [H] increases, the # of __ complexes increases

A

HR

42
Q

What three factors can increase or decrease hormone secretion?

A

Ion/Nutrients; Hormones; NT

43
Q

What three ways can free hormone concentration be changed?

A

1) Rate of hormone secretion
2) Hormone metabolism
3) Protein binding (steroid and thyroid)

44
Q

What three factors allow for the formation of the hormone-receptor complex [HR]?

A

1) Hormone concentration
2) # of receptors
3) Ka

45
Q

What is required ALL hormones to initiate a response?

A

Receptors

46
Q

What type of binding exists between hormone & receptor?

A

Non-covalent

47
Q

(LTrue or False: There is a unique 3-dimensional structure for a hormone

A

True

Physiology II (23 decks)

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