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Physiology II > L15: Adrenal Hormones > Flashcards

L15: Adrenal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Where are Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (catecholamines) made?

A

Adrenal medulla
- Chromaffin cells

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2
Q

What three factors INCREASE NE/EPI secretion?

A

1) Exercise
2) Stress
3) Hypoglycemia

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3
Q

Post-ganglionic autonomic nerves also secrete ___

A

NE

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4
Q

Where is alpha 2 adrenergic receptor primarily located?
A. Pancreas
B. Liver/Pancreas/Adipose
C. Brain/Pancreas/Liver

A

A. Pancreas

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5
Q

Where are beta 2 adrenergic receptors primarily located?
A. Pancreas
B. Liver/Pancreas/Adipose
C. Brain/Pancreas/Liver

A

B. Liver/Pancreas/Adipose

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6
Q

Which catecholamine has a greater affinity for Beta 2 in the liver, pancreas and adipose tissue?
A. Epinephrine
B. NE

A

A. Epinephrine

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7
Q

Both Epinephrine and NE have equal affinity for which adrenergic receptor?

A

Alpha 2 (pancreas)

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8
Q

Is the plasma EPI concentration
a regulated variable?

A

No

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9
Q

True or False: Catecholamines are counter-
regulatory to insulin in the negative feedback control of plasma glucose

A

True

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10
Q

Both epinephrine and cortisol elevate what three things?

A

1) Gluconeogenesis
2) Glucagon secretion
3) Adipose lipolysis

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11
Q

Both epinephrine and cortisol DECREASE what thing?

A

Decrease glucose uptake in skeletal muscle

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12
Q

How does epinephrine and cortisol affect glycogen synthesis?

A

Epi: Decrease
Cortisol: Increase

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13
Q

How does epinephrine and cortisol affect hepatic glycogenolysis?

How does epinephrine and cortisol affect protein degradation in skeletal muscle?

How does epinephrine and cortisol affect insulin secretion?

A

Hepatic Glycogenolysis
- Cortisol: — (no change)
- Epi: Increase

Protein Degradation in Skeletal Muscle
- Cortisol: Increase
- Epi: — (no change)

Insulin Secretion
- Cortisol: — (no change)
- Epi: Decrease

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14
Q

Which hormones control
glucose during stress,
exercise, hypoglycemia?

Which hormone controls glucose between meals?

A

GH, Epinephrine, Cortisol

Glucagon

(Taken together, these are the counter-regulatory hormones)

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15
Q

Epinephrine is permissive to ___ and ___

A

Cortisol and Thyroid Hormone

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16
Q

True or False: Epinephrine/NE increase ketone synthesis in the liver

A

True

17
Q

True or False: Epinephrine decreases glucagon in the pancreas

A

False - epinephrine decreases insulin, increases glucagon

18
Q

Where is cortisol made?

A

Adrenal Cortex

19
Q

What is the rate limiting step of adrenal steroid synthesis?

A

Cholesterol to pregnenolone

20
Q

___ stimulates synthesis and secretion of cortisol

A

ACTH

21
Q

True or False: To have effects, cortisol causes protein synthesis and changes in gene transcription

A

True

22
Q

True or False: CRH-ACTH-Cortisol pathway exhibits a diurnal rhythm

A

True

23
Q

What types of stress lead to cortisol release?

A

Psychological
Physical
Infection
Hypoglycemia *

24
Q

True or False: The elevation of plasma cortisol in response to severe stress can temporarily override negative feedback

A

True

25
Q

True or False: Cortisol decreases glucagon secretion in the pancreas

A

False - cortisol increases glucagon synthesis in the pancreas

26
Q

Which physiological effect is unique to cortisol?

A

Net protein catabolism

27
Q

Which two counter-regulatory hormones undergoes these processes?

  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Lipolysis
  • Inhibits glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and adipocytes
A

Cortisol and GH

28
Q

Cortisol is permissive for actions of __, ___, ___, ___, and ___

A

NE, Epinephrine, ADH, GH, and Glucagon

29
Q

True or False: Suppression of protein synthesis, thinning of skin, atrophy of adrenal cortex, bone breakdown, and hyperglycemia are the result of supramaximal plasma cortisol

A

True

30
Q

Chronic use of exogenous cortisol can suppress ____ secretion and low concentration of ____, cause atrophy of ___, and lead to MINIMAL ENDOGENOUS CORTISOL SYNTHESIS

A

ACTH; ACTH; adrenal cortex

31
Q

What are two ways that one can develop ACTH-dependent hypercortisolemia?

What are two ways that one can develop ACTH-independent hypercortisolemia?

A

ACTH-dependent hypercortisolemia
1) ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor
2) ACTH-secreting non-pit tumor

ACTH-independent hypercortisolemia
1) Adrenocortical tumor
2) Exogenous GC use

32
Q

Hypocortisolemia, is characteristic of ____ Disease, which is due to autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortical cells

A

Addison’s Disease

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