L15: Adrenal Hormones

Question 1

Where are Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (catecholamines) made?

Answer 1

Adrenal medulla
- Chromaffin cells

Question 2

What three factors INCREASE NE/EPI secretion?

Answer 2

1) Exercise
2) Stress
3) Hypoglycemia

Question 3

Post-ganglionic autonomic nerves also secrete ___

Answer 3

NE

Question 4

Where is alpha 2 adrenergic receptor primarily located?
A. Pancreas
B. Liver/Pancreas/Adipose
C. Brain/Pancreas/Liver

Answer 4

A. Pancreas

Question 5

Where are beta 2 adrenergic receptors primarily located?
A. Pancreas
B. Liver/Pancreas/Adipose
C. Brain/Pancreas/Liver

Answer 5

B. Liver/Pancreas/Adipose

Question 6

Which catecholamine has a greater affinity for Beta 2 in the liver, pancreas and adipose tissue?
A. Epinephrine
B. NE

Answer 6

A. Epinephrine

Question 7

Both Epinephrine and NE have equal affinity for which adrenergic receptor?

Answer 7

Alpha 2 (pancreas)

Question 8

Is the plasma EPI concentration
a regulated variable?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

True or False: Catecholamines are counter-
regulatory to insulin in the negative feedback control of plasma glucose

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Both epinephrine and cortisol elevate what three things?

Answer 10

1) Gluconeogenesis
2) Glucagon secretion
3) Adipose lipolysis

Question 11

Both epinephrine and cortisol DECREASE what thing?

Answer 11

Decrease glucose uptake in skeletal muscle

Question 12

How does epinephrine and cortisol affect glycogen synthesis?

Answer 12

Epi: Decrease
Cortisol: Increase

Question 13

How does epinephrine and cortisol affect hepatic glycogenolysis?

How does epinephrine and cortisol affect protein degradation in skeletal muscle?

How does epinephrine and cortisol affect insulin secretion?

Answer 13

Hepatic Glycogenolysis
- Cortisol: — (no change)
- Epi: Increase

Protein Degradation in Skeletal Muscle
- Cortisol: Increase
- Epi: — (no change)

Insulin Secretion
- Cortisol: — (no change)
- Epi: Decrease

Question 14

Which hormones control
glucose during stress,
exercise, hypoglycemia?

Which hormone controls glucose between meals?

Answer 14

GH, Epinephrine, Cortisol

Glucagon

(Taken together, these are the counter-regulatory hormones)

Question 15

Epinephrine is permissive to ___ and ___

Answer 15

Cortisol and Thyroid Hormone

Question 16

True or False: Epinephrine/NE increase ketone synthesis in the liver

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or False: Epinephrine decreases glucagon in the pancreas

Answer 17

False - epinephrine decreases insulin, increases glucagon

Question 18

Where is cortisol made?

Answer 18

Adrenal Cortex

Question 19

What is the rate limiting step of adrenal steroid synthesis?

Answer 19

Cholesterol to pregnenolone

Question 20

___ stimulates synthesis and secretion of cortisol

Answer 20

ACTH

Question 21

True or False: To have effects, cortisol causes protein synthesis and changes in gene transcription

Answer 21

True

Question 22

True or False: CRH-ACTH-Cortisol pathway exhibits a diurnal rhythm

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What types of stress lead to cortisol release?

Answer 23

Psychological
Physical
Infection
Hypoglycemia *

Question 24

True or False: The elevation of plasma cortisol in response to severe stress can temporarily override negative feedback

Answer 24

True

Question 25

True or False: Cortisol decreases glucagon secretion in the pancreas

Answer 25

False - cortisol increases glucagon synthesis in the pancreas

Question 26

Which physiological effect is unique to cortisol?

Answer 26

Net protein catabolism

Question 27

Which two counter-regulatory hormones undergoes these processes? - Gluconeogenesis - Lipolysis - Inhibits glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and adipocytes

Answer 27

Cortisol and GH

Question 28

Cortisol is permissive for actions of __, ___, ___, ___, and ___

Answer 28

NE, Epinephrine, ADH, GH, and Glucagon

Question 29

True or False: Suppression of protein synthesis, thinning of skin, atrophy of adrenal cortex, bone breakdown, and hyperglycemia are the result of supramaximal plasma cortisol

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Chronic use of exogenous cortisol can suppress ____ secretion and low concentration of ____, cause atrophy of ___, and lead to MINIMAL ENDOGENOUS CORTISOL SYNTHESIS

Answer 30

ACTH; ACTH; adrenal cortex

Question 31

What are two ways that one can develop ACTH-dependent hypercortisolemia? What are two ways that one can develop ACTH-independent hypercortisolemia?

Answer 31

ACTH-dependent hypercortisolemia 1) ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor 2) ACTH-secreting non-pit tumor ACTH-independent hypercortisolemia 1) Adrenocortical tumor 2) Exogenous GC use

Question 32

Hypocortisolemia, is characteristic of ____ Disease, which is due to autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortical cells

Answer 32

Addison's Disease