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ARDMS ABD PATHOLOGY > Male Pelvis Pathology > Flashcards

Male Pelvis Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

most extratesticular masses are _____

A

benign

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2
Q

most intratesticular masses are ___

A

malignant

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3
Q

what is the most common cancer of the testicles?

A

seminoma

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4
Q

seminoma spread to draining lymph nodes in the ____

A

retroperitoneum

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5
Q

stage 1 of seminoma

A

confined to the testis

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6
Q

stage 2 of seminoma

A

spread to retroperitoneal nodes BELOW diaphragm

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7
Q

stage 3 of seminoma

A

spread beyond retroperitoneal nodes ABOVE diaphragm

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8
Q

risk factors of seminoma (6)

A

cryptorchidism
family history of testicular cancer
infertility
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
trisomy 21
smoking

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9
Q

lab values of seminoma (3)

A

↑ BHCG
↑ AFP
↑ LDH

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10
Q

what is the most common secondary malignancy of the testicles?

A

lymphoma

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11
Q

nonseminoma consists of ___

A

other cell types besides germ cells

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12
Q

what is the second most common testicular cancer?

A

embryonal carcinoma

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13
Q

what is the most aggressive testicular cancers?

A

embryonal carcinomas

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14
Q

lab values of embryonal carcinoma

A

↑ AFP
↑ BHCG

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15
Q

what is the most common testicular cancer in infants and children?

A

yolk sac tumors

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16
Q

what are the 4 kinds of nonseminomas?

A

embryonal carcinoma
yolk sac tumors
teratomas
choriocarcinomas

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17
Q

yolk sac tumors are also known as

A

endodermal sinus tumors

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18
Q

lab values of yolk sac tumors

A

↑ AFP

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19
Q

what is composed of all 3 germ layers?

A

teratomas

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20
Q

lab values of teratomas

A

↑ AFP
↑ BHCG

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21
Q

what is the least common testicular cancer?

A

choriocarcinomas

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22
Q

lab values of choriocarcinomas

A

↑ BHCG

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23
Q

what are leydig cell tumors?

A

rare testicular tumor that produces testosterone which results in precocious puberty

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24
Q

leydig cell tumors are always ____ in boys 5 to 10 years old

A

benign

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25
Q

lab values of leydig cell tumors

A

normal AFP, BHCG, and LDH

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26
Q

intratesticular cysts originate from the ___

A

rete testis

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27
Q

intratesticuar cysts occur near the ___

A

mediastinum testis

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28
Q

intratesticular cysts measurements

A

2 to 18 mm

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29
Q

tunica albuginea cysts appear in the __ and __ aspects of the testis

A

lateral and anterior

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30
Q

tunica albuginea cyst measurements

A

2mm to 3cm

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31
Q

2 types of testicular cysts

A

intratesticular cysts
tunica albuginea cysts

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32
Q

epidermoid cysts are also known as

A

keratocysts

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33
Q

epidermoid cyst measurements

A

1 to 3 cm

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34
Q

ultrasound appearance of epidermoid cysts (3)

A

“onion ring”
“bow tie”
“target”

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35
Q

what is testicular microlithiasis?

A

“scrotal pearls” between layers of the tunica vaginalis or within the testicles

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36
Q

T/F: testicular microlithiasis is usually unilateral

A

FALSE: testicular microlithiasis is usually BILATERAL

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37
Q

testicular infarct presents as __

A

a triangular-shaped avascular intratesticular lesion

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38
Q

what is a hydrocele?

A

serous fluid that accumulates within the tunica vaginalis or between the layers of the tunica vaginalis

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39
Q

congenital hydroceles are common in what ages of boys

A

1 to 2 years old

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40
Q

what is the most common cause of painless scrotal swelling?

A

hydrocele

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41
Q

T/F: there is no color flow in a hydrocele

A

true

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42
Q

what is a varicocele?

A

dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus

43
Q

what is the most common correctable cause of male infertility?

A

varicocele

44
Q

90% of varicoceles are on the __ side

A

left

45
Q

varicoceles may produce aching pain with __ or __

A

prolonged standing or heavy lifting

46
Q

varicoceles increase vein diameter with valsalva

A

> 2 mm

47
Q

when bowel protrudes through the inguinal canal into the tunica vaginalis

A

scrotal hernia

48
Q

the presence of __ confirms the diagnosis of scrotal hernias

A

peristalsis

49
Q

what is the most common extratesticular tumor?

A

adenomatoid tumor

50
Q

where are adenomatoid tumors found?

A

tail of the epididymis

51
Q

what are spermatoceles?

A

dilation of the epididymal tubules

52
Q

spermatoceles are filled with __

A

thick milky fluid containing sperm

53
Q

spermatoceles usually found in the ___

A

epididymal head

54
Q

what is tubular ectasis of the rete testis?

A

bilateral dilation of the mediastinal tubules

55
Q

tubular ectasis of the rete testis are frequently associated with ___

A

spermatocele

56
Q

tubular ectasis of the rete testis are more common in men over

A

55 years old

57
Q

appearance of tubular ectasis of the rete testis

A

microcysts within the testicles

58
Q

what is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain?

A

acute epididymitis

59
Q

causes of epididymitis/orchitis (2)

A

GC/CT in men under 35 years old
UTIs in prepubertal boys and men over 35 years old

60
Q

epididmitis appearance (4)

A

enlarged hypoechoic epididymitis
hyperemia
reactive hydrocele
scrotal wall thickening

61
Q

orchitis appearance (3)

A

enlarged hypoechoic testicle
hyperemia
decreased arterial resistence

62
Q

testicular torsion occurs in (2)

A

adolescents and neonates

63
Q

testicular torsion causes an sudden onset of severe ___

A

severe unilateral scrotal pain

64
Q

testicular torsion varies between __ to __ degrees

A

180 to 540 degrees

65
Q

decreasing __ will optimize slow blood flow to rule out complete testicular torsion

A

decrease PRF

66
Q

intravaginal testicular torsion is when

A

the testicle is not attached to the tunica vaginalis or when the testicle has high attachment

67
Q

intravaginal testicular torsion causes

A

bell clapper deformity = testicle can rotate freely on the spermatic cord

68
Q

extravaginal testicular torsion is when the __

A

testis and gubernaculum can rotate freely

69
Q

extravaginal testicular torsion occurs exclusively in

A

newborns

70
Q

time between the onset of pain and testicular detorsion and the corresponding salvage rate:

< 6 hours -
12 to 24 hours -
> 24 hours -

A

< 6 hours - 90 to 100% salvage
12 to 24 hours - 20 to 50% salvage
> 24 hours - 0 to 10% salvage

71
Q

what is priaprism?

A

painful erection that lasts for more than 4 hours

72
Q

ischemic priaprism is when

A

blood get trapped in erection chambers

73
Q

ischemic priaprism occurs more often in men with (3)

A

sickle cell anemia (42%)
leukemia
malaria

74
Q

what drugs can also cause priaprism (5)

A

depression meds
mental illness meds
erectile dysfunction meds
marijuana
cocaine

75
Q

what is peyronie’s disease?

A

fibrous scar tissue inside the penis that causes curved, painful erections

76
Q

peyronie’s disease is associated with (4)

A

Dupuytren’s disease (trigger finger)
plantar fascitis
sjogren syndrome
scleroderma

77
Q

side of the penis that touches the belly

A

dorsal/posterior

78
Q

side of the penis that is scanned

A

ventral/anterior

79
Q

prostate cancer risk in men is about

A

15%

80
Q

prostate cancer incident increases with (3)

A

age
family history of prostate cancer
race

81
Q

african americans are ___% more common to have prostate cancer

A

60%

82
Q

PSA density =

A

PSA density = PSA level / prostate volume

83
Q

ultrasound appearance of prostate cancer (2)

A

hypoechoic
peripherally-oriented

84
Q

3 methods of prostate biopsy

A

lesion directed biopsy
systemic sextant biopsy
parasagittal sextant biopsy

85
Q

which prostate biopsy method is based on a sonographic lesion and has a poor detection rate?

A

lesion directed biopsy

86
Q

which prostate biopsy method takes 3 on the right and 3 on the left?

A

systemic sextant biopsy

87
Q

which prostate biopsy method includes additional biopsy cores in the lateral aspects of the peripheral zone?

A

parasagittal sextant biopsy

88
Q

stage 1 of prostate cancer

A

small lesion
low PSA
low Gleason

89
Q

stage 2 of prostate cancer

A

lesion in prostate
medium PSA

90
Q

stage 3 of prostate cancer

A

lesion outside of prostate
high PSA

91
Q

stage 4 of prostate cancer

A

metastatic
spread to lymph nodes, bones, or organs

92
Q

BPH occurs in the ___ zone of the prostate

A

transitional zone

93
Q

BPH is common in males ___

A

50+ years old

94
Q

treatment of BPH (2)

A

transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
open simple prostatectomy

95
Q

utricle cysts are ___ shaped

A

pear-shaped

96
Q

utricle cysts are ___ location at the level of the ___

A

midline location
level of the verumontanum

97
Q

utricle cyts communicate freely with the ___

A

prostatic urethra

98
Q

utricle cysts are associated with (3)

A

hypospadias - opening of the urethra not at the tip of the penis
cryptorchidism
unilateral renal agenesis

99
Q

müllerian duct cysts are ___ shaped

A

tear-drop shaped

100
Q

müllerian duct cysts are ___ location extending above the ___ posterior to the ___

A

midline location
extending above the prostate posterior to the bladder

101
Q

müllerian duct cysts DO NOT communicate with the __

A

prostatic urethra

102
Q

ejaculatory duct cysts are ___ in location

A

lateral in location

103
Q

ejaculatory duct cysts result in (3)

A

hematospermia
ejaculatory pain
infertility

ARDMS ABD PATHOLOGY (13 decks)

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