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ARDMS ABD PATHOLOGY > Face & Neck Pathology > Flashcards

Face & Neck Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

nuclear medicine utilizes ______ to classify thyroid nodules

A

scintigraphy

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2
Q

hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules or “hot nodules” appear as _____

A

dark areas

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3
Q

hypofunctioning thyroid nodules or “cold nodules” appear as _____

A

light or blank areas

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4
Q

most thyroid cancers are _____

A

hypofunctioning
“cold nodules”

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5
Q

_____ is the most effective method for diagnosing malignancy in a thyroid nodule

A

fine needle aspiration (FNA)

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6
Q

FNA should be considered in a (5)

A
  1. nodule > 1.0 cm with microcalcifications
  2. nodule > 1.5 cm that is predominately solid
  3. nodule > 2.0 cm that has mixed components
  4. nodule demonstrating growth
  5. nodule with ipsilateral abnormal lymph nodes ( > 7mm in short axis )
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7
Q

what does TI-RADS stand for?

A

thyroid imaging, reporting and data system

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8
Q

what is TI-RADS used for?

A

identifies most clinically significant malignancies while reducing the number of biopsies performed on benign nodules

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9
Q

TI-RADS categories (5)

A

benign
not suspicious
minimally suspicious
moderately suspicious
highly suspicious for malignancy

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10
Q

malignant features of thyroid nodules (5)

A

solid
hypoechoic
taller than wide
lobulated or irregular margins
calcifications

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11
Q

what is a goiter?

A

abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland

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12
Q

what is the most common cause worldwide of goiters?

A

iodine deficiency

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13
Q

other causes of goiters (2)

A

hashimoto’s
grave’s

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14
Q

nontoxic/simple goiters are associated with

A

normal or low thyroid hormone levels

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15
Q

ultrasound appearance of nontoxic/simple goiters

A

homogenous, diffuse enlargement

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16
Q

toxic/multinodular goiters are associated with

A

hyperparathyroidism

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17
Q

ultrasound appearance of toxic/multinodular goiters

A

heterogeneous
decreased echogenicity

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18
Q

signs/symptoms of goiters (4)

A

dysphagia
dyspnea
coughing
hoarseness

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19
Q

another name for Grave’s disease

A

diffuse toxic goiter

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20
Q

what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

grave’s disease

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21
Q

the presence of _____ is in grave’s disease

A

thyroid-stimulating immunoglobins

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22
Q

ultrasound appearance of Grave’s disease (2)

A

** thyroid inferno **
diffusely heterogeneous or hypoechoic

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23
Q

signs/symptoms of Grave’s (5)

A

bulging eyes
weight loss
tremors
tachycardia
heat intolerance

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24
Q

what is euthyroid?

A

thyroid is producing the right amount of thyroid hormones

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25
5 types of thyroiditis
1. hashimotos 2. subacute granulomatous thyroiditis 3. subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis 4. acute suppurative thyroiditis 5. riedel struma
26
another name for hashimotos
chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
27
____ is the most common cause of hypothyroidism
hashimoto's
28
lab values of hyperthyroidism
increase T3 and T4 decrease TSH
29
lab values of hypothyroidism
decrease T3 and T4 increase TSH
30
ultrasound appearance of Hashimoto's (3)
1. diffusely heterogeneous 2. coarse parenchyma 3. multiple, ill-defined hypoechoic regions separated by fibrous hyperechoic tissue
31
signs/symptoms of Hashimoto's (5)
puffiness under eyes puffy face dry skin increased cold sensitivity elevated blood cholesterol levels
32
what is the most common mass identified within the thyroid?
benign nodule
33
___ is the most common type of thyroid adenoma
follicular adenoma
34
what is the most common cause of thyroid nodules?
nodular hyperplasia
35
adenomatous nodules are _____
hyperplastic nodules
36
____ nodules are cystic and have hyperechoic foci that produce ____ artifacts
colloid nodules produce comet-tail artifacts
37
what is the most common primary thyroid cancer?
papillary carcinoma
38
____ carcinoma is the least aggressive of thyroid tumors
papillary carcinoma
39
papillary carcinoma spreads through the _____ to nearby _____
spreads through the lymphatics to nearby cervical lymph nodes
40
ultrasound appearance of papillary carcinoma (3)
hypoechoic calcifications hypervascular
41
what is the second most common thyroid cancer?
follicular carcinoma
42
follicular carcinoma spreads via ____ and metastasize to the ____
spreads via blood streams metastasize to lungs and bone
43
ultrasound appearance of follicular carcinoma (3)
irregular margins thick irregular halo chaotic arrangement of internal blood vessels
44
medullary carcinoma develop from _____ that secrete calcitonin
parafollicular cells
45
medullary carcinoma is associated with ____
MEN syndrome
46
what is the rarest and fastest growing thyroid cancer?
anaplastic carcinoma
47
anaplastic carcinoma usually causes death by (2)
compression and asphyxiation
48
what is the most common cause of an enlarged parathyroid gland?
parathyroid adenoma
49
ultrasound appearance of parathyroid adenomas (2)
single lesion (80%) oval, hypoechoic
50
what is the most common type of hyperparathyroidism?
primary hyperparathyroidism
51
lab values of primary hyperparathyroidism (2)
increase serum calcium and PTH
52
in primary hyperparathyroidism there is an adenoma in ____ parathyroid gland
one
53
secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs in patients with ____
chronic renal failure
54
____ parathyroid glands are enlarged in secondary hyperparathyroidism
all 4 parathyroid glands
55
what is the most common manifestation of MEN type I?
secondary hyperparathyroidism
56
lab values of secondary hyperparathyroidism (2)
increase serum phosphates decrease serum calcium
57
parathyroid carcinoma is ____
rare
58
what is sjögren syndrome?
autoimmune disease that leads to the dysfunction of the salivary glands
59
ultrasound appearance of sjögren syndrome (4)
heterogeneous hyperemic diffuse hypoechoic regions sialadenitis
60
what is sialadenitis?
inflammation of the salivary glands
61
signs/symptoms of sjögren syndrome
severe dryness of the eyes, nose, skin, and mouth
62
what is sialolithiasis?
salivary duct stones most commonly located within the submandibular gland
63
what is sialadenosis?
benign, painless enlargement of the parotid glands
64
what is pleomorphic adenoma?
most frequent benign tumor of the salivary glands commonly seen in the parotid glands
65
what is the most common malignancy of the salivary glands?
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
66
mucoepidermoid carcinoma starts in the ____ glands
parotid glands
67
what is the most common superficial midline neck mass?
thyroglossal duct cyst
68
thyroglossal duct cysts are associated with ____ and typically seen in ____
associated with upper respiratory infections seen in adolescents
69
ultrasound appearance of thyroglossal duct cyst
< 3 cm well defined cystic
70
what is a branchial cleft cyst?
congenital cyst that arises on the lateral part of the neck
71
_____ is a remnant of embryonic development
branchial cleft cyst
72
ultrasound appearance of branchial cleft cysts (3)
unilateral cystic or complex low level internal echoes
73
another name for cystic hygromas
cystic lymphangiomas
74
what is cystic hygroma?
congenital lymphatic malformation
75
____% of cystic hygromas occur in the neck
75%
76
cystic hygromas are associated with (4)
turner syndrome trisomy 21 klinefelter syndrome (XXY) trisomy 18 and 13
77
3 vessels of the aortic arch that extend into the neck
innominate (brachiocephalic) artery left common carotid artery left subclavian artery
78
there is ___ innominate artery and ___ innominate veins
1 artery (right) 2 veins
79
position of the ICA
lateral and posterior
80
the ICA has a ___ resistance waveform
low resistance
81
1st branch of the ICA
ophthalmic artery
82
position of the ECA
medial and anterior
83
the ECA shows a ____ resistance waveform
high resistance
84
1st branch of the ECA
superior thyroid artery
85
what two veins drain into the innominate vein?
internal jugular and subclavian
86
what is fibromatosis colli?
rare, pediatric fibrous tumor within the sternocleidomastoid muscle
87
fibromatosis colli causes twisting off the infant's chin toward the nonaffected side which is termed ____
congenital muscular torticollis
88
ultrasound appearance of fibromatosis colli (3)
fusiform-shaped mass calcifications that shadow hyperemic pattern with color doppler

ARDMS ABD PATHOLOGY (13 decks)

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