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ARDMS ABD PATHOLOGY > Adrenal Gland Pathology > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Addison disease is also known as (2)

A

primary adrenocortical insufficiency
chronic primary hypoadrenalism

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2
Q

what is Addison disease?

A

endocrine disorder that results from the hypofunction of the adrenal cortex

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3
Q

in Addison disease, the cortex inadequately secretes ___ resulting from partial or complete destruction of the adrenal glands

A

corticosteroids

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4
Q

4 causes of Addison disease

A

idiopathic
autoimmune disorder
infection
tuberculosis

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5
Q

ultrasound appearance of Addison disease (2)

A

acute = enlarged adrenal glands
chronic = atropic or calcified

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6
Q

signs/symptoms of Addison disease (4)

A

hypotension
weakness/fatigue
weight loss
hyperpigmentation

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7
Q

lab values of Addison disease (4)

A

elevated liver enzymes
hyperkalemia
hyponatremia
elevated ACTH

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8
Q

T/F: ultrasound is the modality choice to diagnose Addison disease

A

FALSE - CT

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9
Q

Cushing syndrome results from (2)

A

anterior pituitary gland tumor or adrenal tumor

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10
Q

ultrasound appearance of Cushing

A

possible identification of an adrenal mass (adrenal adenoma)

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11
Q

signs/symptoms of Cushing (8)

A

obesity
buffalo hump
HTN
moon-shaped face
hirsutism (excessive hair growth in women)
red/purple striae over the ABD and thighs
hyperglycemia
thinning arms & legs

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12
Q

Conn syndrome is also known as ____

A

primary hyperaldosteronism

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13
Q

signs/symptoms of Conn syndrome (3)

A

HTN
excessive thirst & urination
muscle cramps & weakness

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14
Q

lab values of Conn syndrome (2)

A

hypernatremia (increase sodium)
hypokalemia (decrease potassium)

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15
Q

what is the most common benign solid mass of the adrenal glands?

A

adrenal adenoma

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16
Q

adrenal adenomas in Cushing’s and Conn syndrome are ____

A

hyperfunctioning

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17
Q

CT or MRI may be needed to differentiate adrenal adenomas from masses arising from ___ or ___

A

liver or kidneys

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18
Q

ultrasound appearance of adrenal adenomas (2)

A

solid
hypoechoic

19
Q

pheochromocytoma arises from the ___

A

adrenal medulla

20
Q

what is pheochromocytoma?

A

hyperfunctioning, benign mass that causes the adrenal gland to release excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine

21
Q

pheochromocytoma can be ___

A

malignant

22
Q

ultrasound appearance of pheochromocytoma (3)

A

large
hyperechoic or hypoechoic
diffusely heterogenous

23
Q

signs/symptoms of pheochromocytoma (6)

A

uncontrollable HTN
headaches
tachycardia
tremors
anxiety
excessive sweating

24
Q

adrenal cysts are difficult to separate from (3)

A

liver
spleen
upper pole of the kidneys

25
Q

adrenal cysts with a _____ should be worrisome for malignancy

A

rim of calcification

26
Q

what are adrenal rests?

A

accessory adrenal gland tissue

27
Q

adrenal rests are found within the (4)

A

testes
epididymis
ovaries
inguinal canal

28
Q

adrenal rests are associated with (2)

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Cushings

29
Q

adrenal carcinoma (adenocarcinoma) is ____

A

rare

30
Q

adrenal glands are the ____ most common site of metastasis

A

4th most common

31
Q

adrenal metastasis can originate in (6)

A

lungs
breast
GI tract
thyroid
pancreas
kidneys

32
Q

adrenal metastasis can originate from (3)

A

lymphoma
leukemia
melanoma

33
Q

ultrasound appearance of adrenal carcinoma (2)

A

solid, hypoechoic
large, heterogenous

34
Q

adrenal carcinoma signs and symptoms mimic those of ___

A

Cushings

35
Q

what is the most common extracranial solid, malignant tumor in children?

A

neuroblastoma

36
Q

neuroblastomas arise from the ___

A

adrenal medulla

37
Q

neuroblastomas typically present before age ____

A

5 years old

38
Q

neuroblastoma median age of diagnosis is ___

A

22 months

39
Q

ultrasound appearance of neuroblastoma (3)

A

large, heterogenous mass of calcification
hemorrhage
metastasis

40
Q

signs/symptoms of neuroblastoma (3)

A

palpable abdominal mass
ABD pain
bone pain

41
Q

what is adrenal hemorrhage a result of?

A

spontaneous hemorrhage in neonates after a traumatic birth or perinatal anoxia

42
Q

ultrasound appearance of adrenal hemorrhage (4)

A

round or triangular

acute = echogenic

over time = heterogenous, hypoechoic, and possibly cystic

residual calcifications following resolution of hemorrhage

43
Q

most common neonatal adrenal mass

A

adrenal hemorrhage

ARDMS ABD PATHOLOGY (13 decks)

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