Breast Pathology Flashcards
What is mastitis?
inflammation of the breast
Mastitis is most often associated with ___
lactation
What is puerperal mastitis?
mastitis associated with breast feeding
Mastitis is caused by ___ or ___ infection
staphylococcus
streptococcus
ultrasound appearance of mastitis (4)
ill-defined areas of echogenicity
diffuse edema and hypoechoic fluid
> 2mm skin thickness
enlarged lymph nodes
signs/symptoms or mastitis (5)
pain
redness
swelling
fever
leukocytosis
primary role of sonography is to determine the presence of a ___ that is affected with mastitis
focal abscess
what is a galactocele?
milk-filled cyst that can develop after an abrupt termination to breast feeding or result from an obstruction to the lactiferous ducts
galactoceles are located near the ___
areola
what is gynecomastia?
benign enlargement of the male breast
gynecomastia occurs ___
at any time
after birth
during puberty
mid-to-late adulthood
ultrasound appearance of gynecomastia
triangular hypoechoic mass posterior to the areola
BI-RAD categories (6)
0 = inconclusive/addition imaging needed
1 = normal
2 = benign
3 = probably benign
4 = likely to be cancerous
5 = malignant
what is the most common benign tumor in women of child-bearing age?
fibroadenoma
fibroadenomas are ___ induced tumors
estrogen
what are phyllodes?
giant fibroadenomas that sometimes comprise the entire breast
what is intraductal papilloma?
benign tumor that grows into lactiferous ducts
intraductal papilloma is associated with ___ or ___
bloody nipple or watery discharge
noninvasive breast cancer occurs ~
invasive breast cancer occurs ~
noninvasive ~ 15%
invasive ~ 85%
what is the most common noninvasive breast cancer?
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
aka intraductal carcinoma
ductal carcinoma in situ occurs in ___
postmenopausal women over 55 years old
what is lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)?
indicator that the patient has a higher chance of developing breast cancer in the future
lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is most often discovered as a result of ___
biopsy done for another reason
what is intracystic papillary carcinoma in situ (IPCIS)?
rare, well-circumscribed and freely moveable breast cancer
what is the most common invasive breast cancer?
invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) - 70 to 80%
what is the second most common invasive breast cancer?
invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) - 10 to 15%
what is the most frequently missed breast cancer?
invasive lobular carcinoma - doesn’t form a lump
with papillary carcinoma, most women present with a ___
palpable mass
____ carcinoma is slightly more common in men
papillary carcinoma
____ carcinoma has a higher survival rate after a mastectomy
papillary carcinoma
what is the fastest growing breast cancer seen in middle aged females?
medullary carcinoma
which breast cancer produces mucinous secretions?
colloid carcinoma
what is juvenile breast cancer?
rare, invasive breast cancer in young females ( 8 to 15 years old)
juvenile breast cancer is also known as
secretory breast carcinoma
what is Paget’s disease?
rare breast cancer in women over 50
cancer cells collect in or around the nipple
breast cancer metastasizes to the ____ first
lymphatics
metastases to the breast come from (5)
malignant melanoma (most common)
ovarian carcinoma
GI tract
leukemia
lymphoma
two methods of breast implant placement
subglandular implant
subpectoral implant
in subglandular implant, the implants are placed ___
posterior to glandular tissue
anterior to pectoralis muscle
which breast implant method require less recovery time?
subglandular implant
which breast implant method make it more difficult for mammograms to perform?
subglandular implant
in subpectoral implant, implants are placed
posterior to the pectoralis muscle
which breast implant method is standard following mastectomy?
subpectoral implant
breast implants last from __ to __ years
10 to 16 years
what forms around breast implants?
fibrous capsule
what is the most common complication after breast augmentation following a mastectomy?
abscess and bleeding
what is the most common cause of breast implant failure?
trauma
T/F: ultrasound is the best for evaluating breast implant failure
FALSE - MRI is the best
what is the most common breast implant rupture?
intracapsular rupture
what happens in an intracapsular breast implant rupture?
some or all of the gel leaks but stays within the fibrous capsule
what happens in an extracapsular breast implant rupture?
gel escapes through the fibrous capsule and into breast tissue
what happens in intracapsular silicone rupture?
rupture of the implant with the fibrous capsule still intact
what is the “stepladder” sign?
seen in intracapsular silicone ruptures
parallel echogenic lines within the implant
what happens in extracapsular silicone ruptures?
rupture of the implant and fibrous capsule
what is the “snowstorm” sign?
dirty shadowing seen in extracapsular silicone ruptures
