Major electrolytes

Question 1

the parameter to which the hypothalamus responds

Answer 1

osmolality

Question 2

osmolality calculation

Answer 2

2xNa + glucose + urea

Question 3

osmolal gap

Answer 3

indicates the presence of other osmotically active substances

Question 4

function of sodium

Answer 4

maintain normal water distribution and osmotic pressure of plasma

Question 5

function of aldosterone

Answer 5

reabsorb Na and water from the urine and excrete K into the urine

Question 6

function of ADH

Answer 6

increase water reabsorption leading to lower plasma [Na]

Question 7

reference interval for sodium

Answer 7

135-145 mmol/L

Question 8

Increase sodium loss, dehydration, increased water retention are causes of

Answer 8

hyponatremia

Question 9

increase water loss (hormone deficiency), diarrhea, severe burns, or increase dsodium retention are causes of

Answer 9

hypernatremia

Question 10

major intracellular fluid cation

Answer 10

potassium (K)

Question 11

physiological function of K

Answer 11

regulation of neuromuscular excitability, contraction of the heart, intracellular fluid volume, H+ ion concentration

Question 12

causes of hypokalemia

Answer 12

increased K+ loss, decreased + intake, increased movement of K from ECF into ICF

Question 13

major intracellular fluid cation

Answer 13

K

Question 14

major extracellular anion

Answer 14

Cl

Question 15

Chloride is reabsorbed in what part of the kidney

Answer 15

ascending loop of Henle

Question 16

major buffer of acids in the blood

Answer 16

bicarbonate

Question 17

ion selective membrane for Na

Answer 17

glass

Question 18

ISM for K

Answer 18

valinomycin

Question 19

ISM for Cl

Answer 19

Ammonium salt ion exchange membrane

Question 20

Anion gap calculation

Answer 20

(Na+K) - (CL-HCO3) = 10.20 mmol/L

Question 21

a high anion gap means

Answer 21

excess of anions

Question 22

low numbers for anion gap

Answer 22

hospitalized patients w/ severe electrolyte imbalances