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Product Design > Major Developments In Technology > Flashcards

Major Developments In Technology Flashcards

1
Q

Early 19th century

A

Electrical batteries and circuits

Basic lighting

Motors

Switches

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2
Q

Early 20th century

A

Vacuum tube (thermionic valve)

Early amplifiers

Radios

TV’s

Computers

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3
Q

1940s

A

Transistor (semi-conductor)

Portable radios and a reduction in the size of other electronic products

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4
Q

1960s

A

‘Microelectronic’ ICs approx 500 transistors

More powerful computers and highly portable devices such as music players

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5
Q

1980s

A

Ultra large-scale ICs (ULSI)

1000000+ transistors

Laptops and mobile phones

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6
Q

2017

A

10,000,000,000+ transistors ICs

Supercomputers and prospect of even more powerful mobile devices

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7
Q

Impact of compact cassette

A

Portability and convenience of enclosed recording tape

Cheap, easy to use and relatively reliable

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8
Q

Impact of CD

A

Reliable, wear-free storage of digital files

Portable and relatively high storage capacity

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9
Q

Impact of laser

A

Reliable, non-contact, light transmission of CD data

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10
Q

Impact Ni-Mh batteries

A

Rechargeable, portable power

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11
Q

LCD display

A

Facilitates user display interface

Consumes less power than previous displays

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12
Q

Impact of MP3 (compressed digital audio)

A

Increased capacity of devices to store more songs

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13
Q

Miniature hard drive

A

High-capacity storage capability

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14
Q

Impact of lithium batteries

A

Rechargeable power and longer battery life

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15
Q

Flash (IC) storage

A

No moving parts improving reliability

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16
Q

Capacitive touch screen

A

Improvements to user control and display interface

17
Q

Music streaming

A

Removal of the requirement to store files on devices

18
Q

The Internet of things (IoT)

A

The networking of multiple microelectronic devices using wi-fi and the Internet

Many applications:

Smart fridges using cameras and radio frequency identification (RFID) scanners to order products as they are used

An automatic JIT manufacturing system that organises its own flow of parts and predictive maintenance of manufacturing equipment

19
Q

Research

A

1950s - Books, film photography, reading paper catalogues

Now - Internet searches, digital photography and mobile devices

20
Q

Generating and refining design ideas

A

1950s - Sketching, drawing boards, rubbing out and re-drawing, basic copying methods

Now - CAD, graphics tablets m, parts libraries, scanning to input data, 3D rendering

21
Q

Design collaboration and communication

A

1950s - Face-to-face meetings, landline telephone calls, postal communication

Now - web conferences, email, texts, file sharing and cloud storage, online collaboration

22
Q

Modelling and testing ideas

A

1950s - handmade models, destructive testing, calculations

Now - virtual 3D CAD models, finite element analysis, complex computer applications

23
Q

Manufacturing

A

1950s - skilled operation of manual machines, paper-based stock control, manual handling

Now - CNC machines, robotic devices, computer monitored JIT systems, 3D printing

24
Q

Glulam

A

Layered timber and glue used to create various components

Elimination of timber defects
Easy to form parts
Good strength to weight ratio
Sustainable

Uses buildings, bridges and other structures

25
Q

Kevlar

A

Interwoven fibres which are often combined with resins

Exceptional toughness and tensile strength combined with light weight

Temperature resistant

Uses:

Bulletproof vests
Puncture-resistant tyres
Aircraft construction

26
Q

Graphene (nanomaterial)

A

Two dimensional form of microscopic carbon particles with a honeycomb-like atomic structure

Can be rolled into very thin and hollow tubes

Very good tensile strength, hardness, heat resistance and electrical conductivity

Lack of recyclability

Uses:

Medical treatments
Nanoelectronic devices
Advanced coatings
Battery manufacture

27
Q

Precious metal clay (PMC)

A

Microscopic particles of metals such as gold and silver bound together in a pliable material

Easily hand shaped before firing in an oven at 700 degrees

Uses:

Jewellery
Decorative items

28
Q

Electro hydraulic forming

A

Sheet metal is forced against a former from a shockwave from an electrical spark in a water tank

Uses one-sided former
Fast
Great detail is possible
Material is evenly distributed

Uses:

Electrical appliance cases
Car parts

29
Q

Advanced 3D printing of metals using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)

A

A laser fuses metal particles layer by layer

Complex strong and lightweight parts can be made

Undercuts and internal voids are possible

Uses - one-off prototypes and test parts

30
Q

Fibre injection moulding

A

Injection moulding using pellets of glass or carbon fibre filled polymers such as polyamide (nylon)

Parts produced are very strong, stiff, lightweight and economical to mould

Facilitates sustainability by reusing carbon-fibre waste

Uses - lightweight parts for:

Aerospace
Automotive
Sports equipment
Medical equipment

31
Q

Laser beam welding

A

Intense heat of a laser beam is used to join multiple pieces of metal

Faster than MIG/TIG 
Narrower, deep welds possible
Welds dissimilar metals
Minimises distortion 
No finishing needed 
Welds thin sheets

Uses:

Shipbuilding
Construction
Automotive and railway equipment

32
Q

Physical vapour deposition (finishing process)

A

Base material is vaporised and deposits a thin layer

Abrasion resistance
Durability
Large range of materials
Uniform deposition

Uses:

Semi-conductors
Food packaging
Machine tool tips

33
Q

Standardised file formats (e.g. DXF and STL)

A

Connect CAD CAM processes for a wide range of software and hardware

Easy transfer of design and manufacturing files

34
Q

Extensible markup language (XML)

A

Improved file compatibility for a growing range of different software packages

XML is a programming language

XML files can be opened on a large range of software

35
Q

Finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

A

Simulate the impact of decisions being made at the design stage to make improvements

Saves time and money for physical testing

36
Q

Cloud-based (Internet-based) CAD CAM software packages

A

Software accessibility from any computer improves designers’ productivity and independence as well as facilitating growth of mass customisation

37
Q

Virtual-reality systems incorporating 3D headsets and haptic (sensory) feedback

A

Realistic appraisal of virtual designs in their environment and additional CAD tools

Product Design (47 decks)

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