Major depressive disorder Flashcards

1
Q

one factor that likely contributes to depression’s chronicity=

A

interpersonal factors

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2
Q

some behavioural differences in MDD

A

facial expressions: animated to express more sadness
less eye contact
posture: head down
nonverbal cues: fewer gestures
speak more slowely
less volume
voice modulation (voices are perceived as more negative by others!)

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3
Q

in contrast to the learned helplessness, the hopelessness theory focuses on…

A

attribution

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4
Q

hoe kunnen behaviours in depressie leiden tot social rejection

A

initiate less conversations and respond less to others, which leads to less social interaction. also tend to interact with more negative and self-disclosure of negative events, often at socially inappropriate times

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5
Q

social skills impairment is more … than …

A

more statelike than traitlike (dus tijdens de depressie, niet dat deze individuals van zichzelf al minder sociaal zijn)

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6
Q

wat voor communication behaviour do individuals engage in

A

interpersonal feedback seeking -> seeking enhancing or self-verifying feedback from others

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7
Q

Coyne’s theory

A

depressed individuals seek reassurence from others, but they do not find it satisfying and actually questions the sincerity of the reassurence, which leads to further seeking of reassurence -> more frequent and extreme, environment more aggravated by the repeated demands.

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8
Q

2 vormen van seeking waar depressed individuals aan meedoen

A
  • excessive reassurance seeking
  • negative feedback seeking
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9
Q

excessive reassurance seeking =

A

the degree to which onehe relatively stable tendency to excessively and persistently seek assurances from others that one is lovable and worthy, regardless of whether such assurance has already been provided.

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10
Q

ERS is a fairly stable tendency

A

oke

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11
Q

negative feedback seeking =

A

the tendency to actively solicit criticism and other negative interpersonal feedback from others

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12
Q

wat zegt de self-verification theory over negative feedback seeking

A

people desire interpersonal feedback that is consistent with their self-concept, even if this self-concept is negative, because it enhances their ability to predict and control the environment

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13
Q

NFS is predictive of peer rejection

A

oke

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14
Q

cognitive-affective crossfire model =

A
  • when depressed ppl get negative feedback, it is affectively displeasing because of the negative nature, but it is satisfying because it is self-verifying.
  • when depressed ppl receive reassurence it is affectively pleasing due to self-enhancing nature, but also cognitively dissatisfying because it is incongruent with their negative self-beliefs.

this inconsistence between cognition and affection leads to either cognitive or affective discomfort, and leads to additonal feedback-seeking behaviours

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15
Q

cognitive processing model =

A

self-verifying feedback needs more processing resources than self-enhancing feedback:

self-enhancing: favorable or unfavorable? (only 1 step)
self-verifying: need to determine whether they agree or not (more steps)

so the type of feedback someone seeks may depend on the cognitive resources they have available

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16
Q

integrative interpersonal framework for depression and its chronicity =

A

self-propagatory process: depression produces interpersonal problems and stressors, and these are strong predictors of future depressive symptoms and/or lengthening.
- ERS
- NFS
- interpersonal conflict avoidance
- blame maintenance

17
Q

global enhancement and specific verification theory=

A

individuals tend to seek out:
- self-enhancing feedback about their global traits
- self-verifying feedback about their specific traits

18
Q

wat zegt de global enhancement theory over perpetuation

A

core beliefs reflecting insecurity in relationships -> more likely to engage in ERS and NFS in a persistent and aversive manner -> increases their risk of interpersonal distress and rejection -> increase depressive symptoms -> increased need to engage in ERS and NFS etc.

19
Q

interpersonal inhibition=

A
  • avoidance
  • shyness
  • withdrawal

leads to less practice at interactions with others -> become interpersonally dependent on the few social interactions from which they feel support. this may lead to ERS and NFS behaviours, which can lead to interpersonal rejection and loneliness.

20
Q

interpersonal dependency=

A

gewoon dat je hangt op andere mensen

21
Q

welke attachment style is geassocieerd met depressie

A

insecure attachment style
fearful attachment style

22
Q

wat doen mensen met een insecure attachment

A

doubt the security of their attachments: increased interpersonal feedback seeking.

23
Q

interpersonal consequences of depression are…

A
  • rejection
  • dissatisfaction
  • low intimacy
  • decreased activity and involvement
  • contagious depression
24
Q

interpersonal therapy =

A

based on the premise that depression occurs in the context of an individuals relationship, goal is to identify the general area in which a person is having relationship difficulties, en trying to improve their skills in that area.

grief, role transitions, role disputes, interpersonal deficits

25
Q

behavioural activation =

A

adresses common interpersonal processes: inactivity, withdrawal, avoidance behaviours.
exposure to pleasant activities and positive interactions in the environment.

26
Q

cognitive behavioural analysis system of psychotherapy =

A

operates on the premise that individuals with MDD are disconnected from their environment, fail to receive critical information about interpersonal patterns. gain new perspectives on how to interact with others

27
Q

3 key parenting variables associated with anxiety disorder=

A
  1. overprotective/controlling and lacking in autonomy granting
  2. negative and lacking in warmth
  3. parenting that enhances the child’s avoidance of ambiguously threatening situations
28
Q

family environments of people with anxiety disorder=

A

lower in cohesion, expressiveness and support, ook vaak interparental conflict.

29
Q

which attachment styles are associated with anxiety

A
  • insecure attachment
  • inhibited temperament
30
Q

welk gedrag van de ouders heeft nog meer een effect

A

parental anxiety (modelling of anxious behaviour)

31
Q

anxious individuals engage in fewer social situations, en hebben minder vrienden vaak. ze hebben wel de skills voor sociale interacties maar gebruiken ze minder vaak

A

oke

32
Q

partner support of inhibition =

A

anxious children may associate with other anxious children: help maintain or even exacerbate their anxiety

33
Q

welke culturen hebben meer anxiety

A

collectivistic cultures (social reticence and anxiety), but they may also have a more positive appraisal of socially withdrawn behaviour (hier: raar, daar minder)

34
Q
A