Major depressive disorder Flashcards
one factor that likely contributes to depression’s chronicity=
interpersonal factors
some behavioural differences in MDD
facial expressions: animated to express more sadness
less eye contact
posture: head down
nonverbal cues: fewer gestures
speak more slowely
less volume
voice modulation (voices are perceived as more negative by others!)
in contrast to the learned helplessness, the hopelessness theory focuses on…
attribution
hoe kunnen behaviours in depressie leiden tot social rejection
initiate less conversations and respond less to others, which leads to less social interaction. also tend to interact with more negative and self-disclosure of negative events, often at socially inappropriate times
social skills impairment is more … than …
more statelike than traitlike (dus tijdens de depressie, niet dat deze individuals van zichzelf al minder sociaal zijn)
wat voor communication behaviour do individuals engage in
interpersonal feedback seeking -> seeking enhancing or self-verifying feedback from others
Coyne’s theory
depressed individuals seek reassurence from others, but they do not find it satisfying and actually questions the sincerity of the reassurence, which leads to further seeking of reassurence -> more frequent and extreme, environment more aggravated by the repeated demands.
2 vormen van seeking waar depressed individuals aan meedoen
- excessive reassurance seeking
- negative feedback seeking
excessive reassurance seeking =
the degree to which onehe relatively stable tendency to excessively and persistently seek assurances from others that one is lovable and worthy, regardless of whether such assurance has already been provided.
ERS is a fairly stable tendency
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negative feedback seeking =
the tendency to actively solicit criticism and other negative interpersonal feedback from others
wat zegt de self-verification theory over negative feedback seeking
people desire interpersonal feedback that is consistent with their self-concept, even if this self-concept is negative, because it enhances their ability to predict and control the environment
NFS is predictive of peer rejection
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cognitive-affective crossfire model =
- when depressed ppl get negative feedback, it is affectively displeasing because of the negative nature, but it is satisfying because it is self-verifying.
- when depressed ppl receive reassurence it is affectively pleasing due to self-enhancing nature, but also cognitively dissatisfying because it is incongruent with their negative self-beliefs.
this inconsistence between cognition and affection leads to either cognitive or affective discomfort, and leads to additonal feedback-seeking behaviours
cognitive processing model =
self-verifying feedback needs more processing resources than self-enhancing feedback:
self-enhancing: favorable or unfavorable? (only 1 step)
self-verifying: need to determine whether they agree or not (more steps)
so the type of feedback someone seeks may depend on the cognitive resources they have available