Lecture 5: Biological models Flashcards
wat is een alternatief voor nature vs nurture (want het is altijd nature en nurture)
ultimate vs proximal causes
causes die interacteren met de omgeving van ultimate naar proximaal
balancing selection
available resources
stress
parenting
attachment
social interactions
trauma
3 factoren van evolution via natural selection
- variation
- selection (adaptive differences)
- heritability
Do psychological mechanisms (relevant for MAPD) work in the same way? Dus door middel van evolutie?
To some extend: (negative) emotions, but not DSM diagnoses
Is there one ‘optimal’ adaptation?
No, it is all depends on the context, and changes in context and individual
differences: ‘smoke detector principle’
smoke detector principle =
The Smoke Detector Principle (SDP) explains why evolved systems that regulate protective responses often give rise to false alarms and apparently excessive responses.
The SDP describes the special case when the costs of a response are low, the costs of failing to express a needed response are large, and the presence of danger is uncertain.
smoke detector principle depends on…
- probability of an event
- false negative: the cost of missing a dangerous situation
- false positive: the cost of wrongly identifying something as dangerous
- changes in the environment
evolution figuur: welke onderdelen
punishment threshold & reward threshold
high punishment threshold =
not sensitive
low punishment threshold =
sensitive
reward threshold low =
sensitive
waar staan alle disorders hier
depressive disorders: links verticaal
anxiety disorders: onder horizontaal
dysphoric mania: rechts onder
euphoric mania: rechts boven
zie schrift
info over genes
- Nuclei contains chromosomes
- Chromosome consists of Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
- DNA consists of sugar-phosphate backbone + “base-pairs”
- Genes = sequence base pairs: ACTGGGCTACTACACAAACC
- Genes (DNA) -> RNA -> proteins
- Mutations can occur, and these are heritable
- Only <2% of DNA are genes! - rest “junk” DNA?
-> No, rest of DNA can influence gene expression.. Epigenetics – environment influences gene expression
behavioural genetics methods:
- Family studies
- Adoption research
- Twin research
- Monozygotic (MZ); 100% genetical identical
- Dizygotic (DZ); on average 50% genetical identical
bij wie zijn de slopes meer stijl: MZ of DZ
MZ (want deze zijn meer alike)
dus wat als de correlatie tussen MZ sterker is dan DZ (stijler)
must be due to genetics!
= genes play an important role
op depressie rates zal dit verschil tussen MZ en DZ dus minder hoog zijn dan bij bv height
oke
mood and anxiety disorders: wat is de heritability hiervan?
partly heritable, partly unique experiences