Major Compounds of the Body Flashcards
1
Q
glucose is
A
monosaccharide
2
Q
fructose is
A
monosaccharide
3
Q
galactose is
A
monosaccaride
4
Q
sucrose
A
oligosaccharide
5
Q
lactose
A
oligosaccharide
6
Q
maltose
A
oligosaccharide
7
Q
glycogen
A
polysaccharide
8
Q
starch
A
polysaccharide
9
Q
cellulose
A
polysaccharide
10
Q
glucose is a aldose or ketose ?
A
aldose
11
Q
fructose is an aldose or ketose ?
A
ketose
12
Q
glyceraldehyde is a
A
triose
13
Q
erythrose is a
A
tetrose
14
Q
ribose is a
A
pentose
15
Q
glucose is a
A
hexose
16
Q
sedoheptulose
A
heptose
17
Q
__________have the same structural formula, but different spatial arrangement of atoms or groups
A
stereoisomerism
18
Q
________differ only in configuration around one C atom
A
epimers
19
Q
D glucose and D galactose are
A
epimers
20
Q
D glucose and D manose and D galactose are
A
stereoisomerism
21
Q
D and L glyceraldehyde are
A
enatntioimers
22
Q
_________is the only aldose that occurs commonly in nature as a monosaccharide
A
D glucose
23
Q
all sugars in the body are (D or L sugars)
A
D sugars
24
Q
____________exist mainly as Ring structures
A
monosaccharides
25
glucose forms what type of ring
pyranose
26
fructose forms what type of ring
furanose
27
oxidation at the 6 carbon produces
GLUCORONIC ACID
28
oxidation at the 1 carbon produces
gluconic acid
29
reduction of an aldehyde group produces
poyol
30
reduction of glucose
sorbitol
31
reduction of galactose
dulcitol
32
maltose is produced by
glucose glucose alpha 1,4
33
maltose is produced by
amlyase digestion of starch
34
lactose is formed by
galactose and glucose (beta 1,4)
35
sucrose is formed by
glucose alpha 1,2 fructose
36
___________is formed when the OH group on the anomeric carbon reacts with OH or NH group of another compound
glycosides
37
in maltose the glycosidic linkage is
alpha
38
in lactose the glycosidic linkage is
beta
39
the linkage of sucrose involves the
anomeric carbon od both monosaccahrides
40
glycogen is a polymer of
glucose
41
stach is a polymer of
amylose and amylopectin
42
linkages in starch are
alpha 1,4
43
linkages in cellulose are
beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds
44
cellulose is a polymer of
glucose
45
characteristics of soluble fiber
soluble, mostly fermented in the colon, delays gastric emptying, reduces post prandial peaks of blood glucose, reduces LDL-C levels
46
characteristics of insoluble fiber
insoluble in water, partially fermented in the colon, asosciated with reduce type II diabetes risks, promotes laxation, and increases bowel motlity
47
_____________are biological molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic non-polar solvents
lipids
48
simple lipids include
fats, oils and waxes
49
hydolysis of a simple lipid produces
alcohol and fatty acids
50
in ___________-esters formed between one fatty acid and an alcohol both of which have a long hydrocarbon chain
waxes
51
in _______-esters formed from glycerol and 3 fatty acids
fats and oils (also known as triacylglycerides)
52
___________are the most abundant lipids
triacylglycerides
53
in humans do we have even or odd number carbon chains in fatty acids
even
54
trans fatty acids are formed when
vegetable oils are hydrogenated such as in margarine production and are a risk factor in atherosclerosis
55
linoleic acid is a
double unstaurated fatty acid
56
linolenic acid is a
triunsaturated fatty acid
57
short chain fatty acid sare
2-4 carbons long
58
medium chain fatty acids are
4-12 carbons
59
long chain fatty acid are
12-20 carbons long
60
_______can be absorbed directly and can diffuse into the mitochondria for oxidation
short and medium chain
61
_________-are absorbed as micelles and are transported by caritine with fat soluble vitamins
long chain fatty acids
62
fats are
solid at room temperature and generally from animals
63
oils are
liquid at room temperature and generally from plants
64
______have a greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, which hav elower melting points than saturaed fatty acids
oils
65
what type of bond puts a kink in the chain
cis bonds
66
linoleic acid is a
omega 6 fatty acid
67
linolenic acid is a
omega 3 fatty acid
68
EPA and DHA are
omega 3 fatty acids
69
a high _______ is important for cardiovascular health
high omega 3 to omega 6 ratio
70
phophoglycerides
alcohol is glycerol
71
phosphophingoside
alcohol is sphinosine
72
glycolipids
contain one or more sugar residues
73
examples of glycolipids include
ceramides and gangliosides
74
hydrolysis of a phospholipid results in
alcohol, fatty acid, phosphate and a head group (usually a N compound)
75
hydrolysis of a glycolipid results in a
sphingosine, fatty acid and sguar
76
removing a fatt acyd from lecithin produces
lysolecithin (snake venom)
77
sphingosine plus a fatty acid is called a
CERAMIDE
78
_________--are similar to a sphingolipids but with a carbohydrate group attached to the ceramide
glycolipids
79
___________modulate many processes such as inflammatory response, hormone production and ion transport
prostaglandins
80
_________inhibits platelet aggregation and promotes vasodiolation
prostacyclins
81
_____________-promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
thromboxanes
82
___________--are involved in chemotaxis and inflammation and allergic reactions
leukotrienes
83
_______________-are involved in antiinflammatory and oppose the action of leukotrienes
lipoxins
84
___________are steroids with one or more OH groups
sterols
85
what is the most abudant steroid in mammalian tissue
cholesterol
86
cholesteroal is the precursos for synthesis of
steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D
87
wht are the fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
88
_________-can be synthesized from cholesterol with adequate sunlight
vitamin D
