Glycolysis Flashcards
what is the definition of glycolysis
the catabolism of glucose to pyruvate or lactate
what is the general products of anaerobic glycolysis
glucose is converted to lactate and ATP is produce by substrate level phosphorylation
what is the general products of aerobic glycolysis
glucose is converted to pyruvate and ATP is produced by oxidative and substrate level phosphorlation
what enzyme converts glucose into glucose 6 phosphate
hexokinase and it requires ATP
what enzyme convertes fructose 6 phosphate into fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
phosphfructokinase and it recuires ATP
the final conversion of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to pyruvate produces how many ATP and 2 NADH
4 ATP and 2 NADH
where does glycolysis occur ?
pyruvate to acetyl coA and TCA cycle in mitochondria
step occuring in the preparative phase ?
glucose is converted to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
phase 2 of glucose includes
2 triosphosphates converted to two molecules of pyruvate yielding 4 ATP and 2 NADH
glucose is converted to glucose 6 phosphate in the LIVER by what enzyme ?
glucokinase
what is the enzyme called that convertes glucose 6 phosphate into fructose 6 phosphate ?
phosphoglucose isomerase
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate isconverted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate via
aldolase and uses triose phosphate isomerase
G3P is converted to 1,3 BPG ia
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase, produces NADH
1,3 BPG is converted to 3 PPG via
phosphoglycerase kinase, creates ATP
3 phosphoglycerate is converted to 2 phosphoglycerate via
phosphoglyceromutase
2 phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphenolpyruate via
enolase, releases H20
phosphoenol pyruvate is converted to pyruvate via
pyruvate kinase
the two enzymes that use ATP is glycolysis and phosphorlyate are
hexokinase and PFK-1
what is the role of aldolase in gycolysis reaction
hexose, a 6 carbon sugar is converted to 2 trioses
what are the two steps that produce ATP via substarte level phosphorlyation
PGK, and the PK reaction
NADH produces how many moles of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
2.5
what is the enzyme involved the anaerobic glycolysis
lactate dehydrogenase
what is the final product of anaerobic glycolysis
lactate
what structures of the body rely on anerobic glycolysis
RBC’s and cornea and the lens
if the mitochodria were injured would energy still beable to be produced ?
yes because the mitochodnria are not necessary for anaerobic glycolysis
how do the NADH get into the mitochondria so that they can go through the ETC ?
via the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle
how many ATP yields from FADH2
1.5
what are the two shuttles to get NADH into the mitochondria ?
malate and G3p shuttle
glycolysis provides the precursors for fatty acid biosyntheiss via
pyruvate
glycolysis provides the precursors for triacyglyceroal formation via
G3P
what amino acids have precursors from glycolysis
alanine, serine, glycine, and cysteine
ribose 5 phosphate rely on what intermediates from glycolysis
from G3p and f6p
what intermediate of glycolysis is important for hemoglobin function
2,3 bisphosphoglycerate
intermeidate required for serine synthesis
3 PPG
intermeidate required for alanine synthesis
pyruvate
explain in general the cori cycle
2 lacate converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis requiring 6 ATP which then is shunted to RBC where they produce lactate via anerobic glycolsyis
what is the chief controlling enzyme in glycolysis
phosphofructokinase-1
what the action of PFK-1
fructose 6 phosphate + ATP yields fructose 1,6 bisphosphate + ADP
what are the three enzymes used for muscle contraction
myosin ATPase, creatine kinase and adenylate kinase
what serves as the sensitive indicator of decreasing ATP levels
AMP
in muscle PK-1 is switched on by
AMP or ADP
PFK-1 is switched off by
ATP and citrate
AMP _____________overrides ATP inhibition
activation
incrased levels of calcium and ADP cause what action on pyruvate dehydrogenase
inhibitory effect
in the liver and adipose tissue glcyolysis is turned on to make fat when ATP and citrate are high and AMP are low via
fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
the activity of PFK-2 is increased by
increased insulin to glucagon ration
high levels of ATP have what type of action on PFK-1
inhibitory
pyruvate kinase is inhibited by
ATP
pyruvate kinase is acivated by
F1,6BP
pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by
NADH and acetll CoA
in general in the liver insulin is high
glycolysis is activated
high insulin switches on what key enzymes
hexokinase, phosphofurctokinase-1, and pyruvate kinase
what is lactic acidemia
lacate levels of greater than 5 mM with a blood pH of less than 7.2
the result of increased NADH/NAD+ results in
decreased pyruvate oxidation and increased production of Lacate
what are typical causes of lactic acidemia
alcoholism, hypoxia, inhibition of ETC
