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Biochemistry Fall MS1 > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of glycolysis

A

the catabolism of glucose to pyruvate or lactate

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2
Q

what is the general products of anaerobic glycolysis

A

glucose is converted to lactate and ATP is produce by substrate level phosphorylation

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3
Q

what is the general products of aerobic glycolysis

A

glucose is converted to pyruvate and ATP is produced by oxidative and substrate level phosphorlation

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4
Q

what enzyme converts glucose into glucose 6 phosphate

A

hexokinase and it requires ATP

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5
Q

what enzyme convertes fructose 6 phosphate into fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

A

phosphfructokinase and it recuires ATP

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6
Q

the final conversion of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to pyruvate produces how many ATP and 2 NADH

A

4 ATP and 2 NADH

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7
Q

where does glycolysis occur ?

A

pyruvate to acetyl coA and TCA cycle in mitochondria

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8
Q

step occuring in the preparative phase ?

A

glucose is converted to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

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9
Q

phase 2 of glucose includes

A

2 triosphosphates converted to two molecules of pyruvate yielding 4 ATP and 2 NADH

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10
Q

glucose is converted to glucose 6 phosphate in the LIVER by what enzyme ?

A

glucokinase

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11
Q

what is the enzyme called that convertes glucose 6 phosphate into fructose 6 phosphate ?

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

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12
Q

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate isconverted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate via

A

aldolase and uses triose phosphate isomerase

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13
Q

G3P is converted to 1,3 BPG ia

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase, produces NADH

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14
Q

1,3 BPG is converted to 3 PPG via

A

phosphoglycerase kinase, creates ATP

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15
Q

3 phosphoglycerate is converted to 2 phosphoglycerate via

A

phosphoglyceromutase

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16
Q

2 phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphenolpyruate via

A

enolase, releases H20

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17
Q

phosphoenol pyruvate is converted to pyruvate via

A

pyruvate kinase

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18
Q

the two enzymes that use ATP is glycolysis and phosphorlyate are

A

hexokinase and PFK-1

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19
Q

what is the role of aldolase in gycolysis reaction

A

hexose, a 6 carbon sugar is converted to 2 trioses

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20
Q

what are the two steps that produce ATP via substarte level phosphorlyation

A

PGK, and the PK reaction

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21
Q

NADH produces how many moles of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

A

2.5

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22
Q

what is the enzyme involved the anaerobic glycolysis

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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23
Q

what is the final product of anaerobic glycolysis

A

lactate

24
Q

what structures of the body rely on anerobic glycolysis

A

RBC’s and cornea and the lens

25
Q

if the mitochodria were injured would energy still beable to be produced ?

A

yes because the mitochodnria are not necessary for anaerobic glycolysis

26
Q

how do the NADH get into the mitochondria so that they can go through the ETC ?

A

via the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle

27
Q

how many ATP yields from FADH2

A

1.5

28
Q

what are the two shuttles to get NADH into the mitochondria ?

A

malate and G3p shuttle

29
Q

glycolysis provides the precursors for fatty acid biosyntheiss via

A

pyruvate

30
Q

glycolysis provides the precursors for triacyglyceroal formation via

A

G3P

31
Q

what amino acids have precursors from glycolysis

A

alanine, serine, glycine, and cysteine

32
Q

ribose 5 phosphate rely on what intermediates from glycolysis

A

from G3p and f6p

33
Q

what intermediate of glycolysis is important for hemoglobin function

A

2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

34
Q

intermeidate required for serine synthesis

A

3 PPG

35
Q

intermeidate required for alanine synthesis

A

pyruvate

36
Q

explain in general the cori cycle

A

2 lacate converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis requiring 6 ATP which then is shunted to RBC where they produce lactate via anerobic glycolsyis

37
Q

what is the chief controlling enzyme in glycolysis

A

phosphofructokinase-1

38
Q

what the action of PFK-1

A

fructose 6 phosphate + ATP yields fructose 1,6 bisphosphate + ADP

39
Q

what are the three enzymes used for muscle contraction

A

myosin ATPase, creatine kinase and adenylate kinase

40
Q

what serves as the sensitive indicator of decreasing ATP levels

A

AMP

41
Q

in muscle PK-1 is switched on by

A

AMP or ADP

42
Q

PFK-1 is switched off by

A

ATP and citrate

43
Q

AMP _____________overrides ATP inhibition

A

activation

44
Q

incrased levels of calcium and ADP cause what action on pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

inhibitory effect

45
Q

in the liver and adipose tissue glcyolysis is turned on to make fat when ATP and citrate are high and AMP are low via

A

fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

46
Q

the activity of PFK-2 is increased by

A

increased insulin to glucagon ration

47
Q

high levels of ATP have what type of action on PFK-1

A

inhibitory

48
Q

pyruvate kinase is inhibited by

A

ATP

49
Q

pyruvate kinase is acivated by

A

F1,6BP

50
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by

A

NADH and acetll CoA

51
Q

in general in the liver insulin is high

A

glycolysis is activated

52
Q

high insulin switches on what key enzymes

A

hexokinase, phosphofurctokinase-1, and pyruvate kinase

53
Q

what is lactic acidemia

A

lacate levels of greater than 5 mM with a blood pH of less than 7.2

54
Q

the result of increased NADH/NAD+ results in

A

decreased pyruvate oxidation and increased production of Lacate

55
Q

what are typical causes of lactic acidemia

A

alcoholism, hypoxia, inhibition of ETC

Biochemistry Fall MS1 (12 decks)

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