Macromolecules Quiz Flashcards
Biological role of carbohydrates
create all structures in the cell and provide energy
Biological role of lipids
form membranes, store energy. insulate
Biological role of proteins
structural or transport/storage/movement
main organic molecules
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
Carbon is easy to bond with because
it can make two covalent bonds
functional group
groups of atoms that attach to carbon chains for different properties
main source of organic compounds for animals
through food digestion, get carbon and nitrogen and phosphorus
main source of organic compounds for plants
carbon from the atmosphere, nitrogen and phosphorus from soil
Chromatography
place solute on paper, place paper in solvent and the reaction makes the solvent move, measured R value based on distance the dot moved/distance the solvent moved
DNA bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine; adenine only with thymine
RNA bases
uracil instead of thymine
DNA vs RNA
DNA is a double strand, RNA is single; RNA reads the DNA; two different sugars; DNA is 3 times as big
Why bond DNA with hydrogen bonds?
they are easy to break so when DNA is being unzipped to copy, the bonds are easily removed
5’ vs 3’ ends of a DNA strand
5’ end in a terminal phosphate group and 3’ with a hydroxide group
Amino acid Structure
have an aline group (NH2), a carboxyk group, a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom, and then a variable R group that distinguishes them
Condensation Reaction
when water is formed as a byproduct of a combination reaction, occurs in formation of nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrates
Biological roles of amino acids
transfer DNA into real biological traits; neurotransmitters; form proteins
DNA to Polypeptide Chains
DNA read by mRNA and amino acids formed by groups of three of the RNA
Amino acids as a buffer
????
Essential amino acids
amino acids that must be eaten to have in the body, essential to proteins
How amino acids bond
the hydroxide in the carboxyl group of one joins the NH2 of the other and form water while bonding
Protein structures
- amino acid chain
- either a helix or a pleated sheet
- both types of secondary structures combine for a protein with specific properties
- some proteins need a fourth structure to be complete, not most
Denaturation of proteins
happens when bonds are altered; includes strong acids, heavy metals, heat, radiation, detergents/solvents that hydrolize
Types of Proteins
Fibrous: water insoluble, parallel polypeptide chains, structural and contractile; Globular Proteins: water soluble, chains folded 3D, enzymes, hormones, antibodies
Finalizing a Protein to be functional: Cleaving
some proteins need their chains to be clipped and formed to 3D to be functional
Finalizing a Protein to be functional: Glycosylation
adding a carbohydrate to protein which IDs the protein for the cell’s use
Finalizing a Protein to be functional: Phosphorylation
adding phosphate groups; helps with cell signaling and 3D construction
Finalizing a Protein to be functional: Lipid attachment
attaches lipids, anchors protein in the cell membrane
Finalizing a Protein to be functional: Degredation
proteins no longer needed are labeled to be degraded
Biological function of lipids
used in aerobic respiration for energy; when burned, water is made; insulation for organs and temperature; secreted for water protection
Phospholipids
have a polar phosphate head and nonpolar lipid tails; form together to create a membrane when added to water
Types of lipids
fats, phospholipids, steroids
Neutral fats
glycerol attached to fatty acids; fatty acids are either saturated or unsaturated
Saturated va Unsaturated
saturated is all hydrogen atoms on a carbon chain; unsaturated has some gaps so it’s less structured; unsaturated is usually liquid because of the lack of structure
Isomer
compounds with the same type and number of atoms; structural have different arrangements, optical have mirrored arrangements
Monosaccharides
primary energy for cells; includes glucose and fructose
Disaccharides
two monosaccharides covalently bonded, used as nutritional elements
Colorimetry
sends light through a solution and sees the wavelength that results; measures concentration
Polysaccharides
chains (straight or branched) of monosaccharides; cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin; easily soluble and quick access energy storage AND structures
Properties of Water
dipolarity, liquid at room temperature, solvent as transportation, a lot of energy required to change temperature , can cool through sweat
types of lipids
fats (glycerol and fatty acids), phospholipids, steroids
steroids
hormones are made by cholesterol, set in cell membranes
