Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Ch 19,20,21,22 > Flashcards

Ch 19,20,21,22 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

evolution

A

descent with modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mechanisms of evolution

A

small population, nonrandom mating, mutations, gene flow, natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tools to analyze evolution of a species

A

fossils, embryology,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

evolution explains…

A

the unity and disunity of life on Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Charles Darwin

A

descent with modification is the original idea of evolution: that organisms differ from their ancestors; natural selection as the mechanism for evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Observations from Darwin that led to Natural Selection Theory

A
  1. there are many different heritable traits within a population; 2. an organism can produce more offspring than can survive; 3. species are adapted to their environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Scala Naturae

A

Aristotle noticed that all organisms fall on a hierarchy of complexity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Linnaeus’ Contribution

A

binomial format of naming species; adopted a nested classification structure with similar species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gradualism

A

species evolve slowly and continuously over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

processes in geography that operated in the past are similar to processes now; things change at the same rate as they did in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of the geographic distribution of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lamarck’s Theories

A

use and disuse, structures that are used extensively grow faster; the idea that an organism could pass adaptations to its offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Homology

A

similarity of structures resulting from common ancestry; homologous structures are similar structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

structures that are remnants of features that an organism’s ancestor used, but organisms now barely do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

the evolution of similar features in organisms with different lineages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Homologous vs Analogous

A

homologous structures occur in the same lineage; analogous structures occur from convergent evolution in different lineages; homologous usually have other similar characteristics and matching DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Malthus said…

A

that sooner or later a population will be checked by a natural occurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the unit of natural selection?

A

variation, sometimes caused by mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the unit of evolution?

A

population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

binomial names order

A

genus then species name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

classification hierarchy

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

taxon

A

a unit name for something at a level of the hierarchy (animalia, mammalia…)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

phylogenic trees

A

each new branch point is where lineages diverge; the closer on the tree, the more closely related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

molecular homology

A

used in combo with structures for phylogeny; analyze similarities in DNA sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cladistics

A

a method of determining phylogeny uses common ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

clade

A

includes an ancestor and all of its descendants

28
Q

monophyletic

A

when a phylogenic branch is a clade; has all descendants of an ancestor

29
Q

paraphyletic

A

when a group consists of the ancestor and only some of the descendants

30
Q

polyphyletic

A

when a group consists of some descendants that don’t share the same ancestor

31
Q

shared ancestral character

A

a character that originated in an ancestor of a taxon (backbone)

32
Q

shared derived character

A

a trait shared by all in a taxon but not found in their ancestors (hair for mammals)

33
Q

molecular clock

A

measuring evolutionary change with genetics; knowing that some genes never change or change at constant rates (approximate only)

34
Q

why kingdoms changed to domains

A

used to be two kingdoms: plant and animal; but then they realized there really should be five kingdoms; and those kingdoms fall under the three domains: bacteria, archaea, eukaryote

35
Q

hardy-weinberg

A

if a species isn’t evolving: p^2+2pq+q^2=1; p^2 equals the phenotype proportion and p equals the allele frequency

36
Q

genetic drift

A

the change in allele frequency based on pure chance because of mating choices or events that happened randomly

37
Q

gene flow

A

when alleles move in/out of populations and alter allele frequencies

38
Q

founder effect

A

when only part of a population is blown to an island and they become the new gene pool; involves genetic drift

39
Q

bottleneck effect

A

when population size drops and genetic drift and allele frequencies change occurs

40
Q

directional natural selection

A

favoring variants that are at one extreme of the phenotypes of a gene

41
Q

disruptive natural selection

A

favoring variants at both ends of the phenotype extremes; selecting against heterozygous usually

42
Q

stabilizing natural selection

A

removes extreme variants and favors heterozygous phenotypes

43
Q

sexual selection

A

natural selection where certain phenotypes are more attractive for mating

44
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

when characteristics that affect choosing mates arise within a species; a peacock vs a peahans…one has showy feathers, one doesn’t

45
Q

intrasexual selection

A

individuals of the same sex competing against each other

46
Q

intersexual selection

A

individuals are choosy of mates they want to mate with

47
Q

counteraction to directional and stabilizing selection

A

diploidy and balancing selection

48
Q

diploidy

A

the idea that recessive alleles are lower frequency but still provide a means for selection and can keep the species going if the selection conditions change

49
Q

balancing selection

A

occurs with heterozygous advantage so both alleles are kept or with frequency-dependent advantage where lower allele frequencies are favored in selection

50
Q

microevolution

A

changes in allele frequency

51
Q

macroevolution

A

changes in organism structures or characteristics or entire population evolution

52
Q

biological species concept

A

populations in which organisms can inbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring

53
Q

reproductive isolation

A

biological barriers preventing two species to produce an offspring; either prezygotic or postzygotic

54
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

geographically seperated, not attracted to mating, not physically possible to mate, mate at different times of the day, won’t fertilize…

55
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

the reproduced organism is a hybrid; it might not survive long, or be able to reproduce

56
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

when a hybrid is viable and fertile, but its offspring is not

57
Q

morphological species concept

A

species characterized by characteristics

58
Q

ecological species concept

A

characterized by contribution to an ecosystem

59
Q

phylogenetic species conept

A

common ancestors

60
Q

allopatric speciation

A

gene flow is interrupted when population is separated and becomes own population/species

61
Q

sympatric speciation

A

without geographic separation, a subset of a species is formed

62
Q

polyploidy

A

sympatric speciation from when cell division gives an organism an extra set of chromosomes

63
Q

autopolyploidy

A

all chromosomes, including extras, are still from the same species

64
Q

allopolyploidy

A

chromosome are a mix of two species and it is a hybrid; still extra chromosomes

65
Q

hybrid zone

A

environments where two species overlap and could produce a hybrid

66
Q

hybrid reinforcement

A

natural selection strengthens prezygotic barriers when hybrids are unfit

AP Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions