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AP Biology > Ch 4 and Ch 5 > Flashcards

Ch 4 and Ch 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microscopy

A

the only reason we can look at cell structure today

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2
Q

light microscope

A

light passes through the specimen and lens that refracts an image

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3
Q

needed components of microscopy

A

magnification, resolution, and contrast

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4
Q

electron microscope

A

focuses beam of electrons on specimen; better resolution

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5
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

inject a dye and electrons shoot through the specimen

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6
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

put gold on top of cell and shoot electrons to see topography of the cell

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7
Q

cell fractionation

A

place broken-up cells in a centrifuge and different organelles will make layers; used to study organelles

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8
Q

cytoplasm

A

suspends components of the cell

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9
Q

cell size limits

A

an upper limit exists because a certain surface area is required in order for diffusion to occur fast enough; a lower limit exists because there must be space for enough enzymes and DNA

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10
Q

plasma membrane

A

a selective barrier allows passage of necessary molecule transfers; also important in cell to cell signalling

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11
Q

nucleus

A

where genes, DNA, and rRNA are kept

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12
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that are structured by protein filaments but allow items to pass through pores; rRNA move from here to the ER

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13
Q

nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus, holds rRNA and directs messenger RNA

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14
Q

ribosomes

A

cell components that carry out protein synthesis, are “free” in the cytoplasm or “bound” to the Rough ER

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15
Q

endomembrane system

A

the organelles with inner cell membranes

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16
Q

vesicles

A

sacs made of membrane that transfer membrane segments and hold small things

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17
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

(endomem); connected to the nuclear envelope; smooth ER and rough ER

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18
Q

rough ER

A

(endomem); forms proteins meant to be excreted, packages in vesicles

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19
Q

smooth ER

A

(endomem); carries out metabolic processes and synthesis of lipids

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20
Q

golgi apparatus

A

(endomem); receives packages from ER and modifies them; receives, sorts, and ships items to the correct parts of the cell

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21
Q

lysosome

A

(endomem); hold enzymes that digest compounds in the cell

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22
Q

autophagy

A

when the lysosome uses enzymes to recycle organic compounds in the cell

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23
Q

vacuoles

A

(endomem); have membranes derived from the ER and Golgi, transport products

24
Q

mitochondria

A

cellular respiration and creates ATP

25
Q

chloropasts

A

photosynthesis for the energy of the cell

26
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

a eukaryotic cell was once using other cells to create energy for it, but one day it used phagocytosis to engulf these prokaryotes as organelles

27
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of fibers in and outside of the cell that provide means for support and motility

28
Q

motility of cytoskeleton

A

cytoskeleton attaches motor proteins and cilia and flagella are parts of cytoskeleton that move the cell around

29
Q

types of cytoskeleton fibres

A

microtubules (thick), intermediate filaments, microfilaments (thin)

30
Q

microtubules

A

thick fibre that shapes and supports the cell while also providing tracks for organelles to move

31
Q

centrioles and centrosomes

A

places from where filaments and tubules attach, important in cellular reproduction

32
Q

microfilaments and intermediate filaments

A

provide tension in structure; intermediate filaments are more permanent

33
Q

extra cellular matrix

A

provides the support that cell wall does for plants, for animal cells; glycoproteins and glycolipids, as well as collagen connect to cytoskeleton and provide connection between outer membrane and the cell

34
Q

“glyco”

A

means there is a carbohydrate attached

35
Q

the phospholipid bilayer

A

amphipathic; proteins float freely while other lipids attach to the membrane; the two layers shift laterally so the membrane remains fluid

36
Q

membrane fluidity

A

fluid when layers can shift laterally; cholestrol and other specialized lipids prevent the settling and solidifying of the two layers even as temperatures change

37
Q

integral proteins

A

penetrate hydrophobic parts of the lipid bilayer; usually totally transmembrane; allows hydrophillic substances to pass

38
Q

water’s polarity

A

water is polar and dissolves other polar molecules

39
Q

peripheral proteins

A

appendages to the membrane that are attached to the extracellular matrix, but also functional

40
Q

selective permeability of the cell membrane

A

hydrophobic molecules (nonpolar) can dissolve and pass through the lipid bilayer; hydrophillic (polar) can’t dissolve and must be transported

41
Q

transport proteins

A

allow hydrophillic substances (polar) to pass through the membrane; channel proteins or carrier proteins

42
Q

channel proteins

A

transport proteins that make a pathway for substances to pass through

43
Q

carrier proteins

A

attach to a substance, change it’s properties and shape, transports across the membrane, then detaches

44
Q

diffusion

A

passive transport; a substance tending to spread out; moves from high concentration to low; only if membrane allows it to pass

45
Q

osmosis

A

passive transport; the diffusion of water across a membrane that tries to reach equilibrium of solute concentration if the solute can’t pass through the membrane

46
Q

hypertonic

A

outside liquid has higher concentration of solute; cell’s water is squeezed out

47
Q

hypotonic

A

inner cell has higher concentration of solute; cell intakes water

48
Q

isotonic

A

the solute’s concentration is equivalent and the cell is in equillibrium

49
Q

plant cells is hypotonic solutions

A

won’t burst because the cell wall prevents too much water from rushing into the cell

50
Q

turgor

A

a plant cell is more turgid when there is more water filling the cell wal

51
Q

active transport

A

uses energy like ATP to power a protein to move a solute against its gradient

52
Q

ion pumps

A

are electrically and chemically influenced to move an ion; they diffuse with the gradient electrochemically as long as a stimulus opens their gates

53
Q

electrogenic pump

A

an ion pump that goes against the concentration gradient; transports 3 positive ions for every 2 negative ions, so creates membrane potential

54
Q

cotransport

A

pumps an ion one way; then when the ion diffuses back the other way, the ion brings something else with it

55
Q

exocytosis

A

a vacuole membrane fuses with the outer membrane and releases its contents

56
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulfs a particle and creates a vacuole with the membrane

57
Q

pinocytosis

A

a small vesicle collects extracellular fluid and transports those solutes

AP Biology (10 decks)

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