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AP Biology > Ch1 and CH 19: Methods and Evolution > Flashcards

Ch1 and CH 19: Methods and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

biology

A

the scientific study of life

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2
Q

evolution

A

the fundamental principle of biology; the process of change that has transformed life

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3
Q

The ten levels of biology

A

Biosphere; Ecosystems; Communities; Populations; Organisms; Organs; Tissues; Cells; Organelles; Molecules

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4
Q

Biosphere

A

all life on Earth and their living spaces

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5
Q

Ecosystems

A

all living things in an area and nonliving parts of the environment; deciduous forest

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6
Q

Communities

A

only the living things within the ecosystem, doesn’t include nonliving parts of the environment

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7
Q

Populations

A

populations consist of all the individuals of a species within a specific area; the population of sugar maples in a deciduous forest

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8
Q

Organisms

A

individual living things; a single sugar maple

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9
Q

Organs

A

a body part with multiple cell types that carries out a particular function in the body; a single maple leaf

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10
Q

Tissues

A

a group of cells that work together to perform a specialized function

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11
Q

Cells

A

multicellular organisms have specialized cells; single cell organisms have a cell that does everything

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12
Q

Organelles

A

the functional components present in cells

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13
Q

Molecules

A

combine to provide functions for organelles

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14
Q

Emergent properties

A

properties that are added when we jump a level in the biological organization

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15
Q

Reductionism

A

the approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are easier to study

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16
Q

Structure and Function

A

the theme that every structure in an organism is designed to improve function; a hummingbird’s shoulders can rotate so that it can hover

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17
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

have membranes around organelles; DNA nucleus; linear DNA

18
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

no DNA nucleus; no membranes around organelles; usually smaller; DNA floats around; circular DNA

19
Q

Energy and Matter

A

the theme that energy transforms from one form to another to make life possible; plants from sun; animals from plants; animals from animals…

20
Q

Evolution explains…

A

the unity and disunity of life on Earth

21
Q

The domains of life

A

Bacteria, Archaea (both prokaryotic), Eukarya (all eukaryotic)

22
Q

Charles Darwin

A

descent with modification is the original idea of evolution: that organisms differ from their ancestors; natural selection as the mechanism for evolution

23
Q

Observations from Darwin that led to Natural Selection Theory

A
  1. there are many different heritable traits within a population; 2. an organism can produce more offspring than can survive; 3. species are adapted to their environment
24
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

make a sweeping generalization from smaller observations

25
Q

Theory

A

is less specific than a hypothesis; more of a sweeping hypothesis that includes many species or populations

26
Q

Scala Naturae

A

Aristotle noticed that all organisms fall on a hierarchy of complexity

27
Q

Linnaeus’ Contribution

A

binomial format of naming species; adopted a nested classification structure with similar species

28
Q

Studying fossils

A

fossils in a specific strata can be traced to a range in time

29
Q

Gradualism

A

species evolve slowly and continuously over time

30
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

processes in geography that operated in the past are similar to processes now; things change at the same rate as they did in the past

31
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of the geographic distribution of organisms

32
Q

Lamarck’s Theories

A

use and disuse, structures that are used extensively grow faster; the idea that an organism could pass adaptations to its offspring

33
Q

Darwins Research

A

occurred in 1800s on the HMS Beagle voyage to the Galapogos

34
Q

Artificial Selection

A

humans’ modification of a species because they have selected preferable traits and bred them

35
Q

Homology

A

similarity of structures resulting from common ancestry; homologous structures are similar structures

36
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

structures that are remnants of features that an organism’s ancestor used, but organisms now barely do

37
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

the evolution of similar features in organisms with different lineages.

38
Q

Homologous vs Analogous

A

homologous structures occur in the same lineage; analogous structures occur from convergent evolution in different lineages

39
Q

Malthus said…

A

that sooner or later a population will be checked by a natural occurance

40
Q

Embryology and evolution

A

the study of the embryo shows that many mammals and other organisms develop embryos the same way, suggesting a common ancestry

41
Q

What is the unit of natural selection?

A

variation, sometimes caused by mutations

42
Q

What is the unit of evolution?

A

population

AP Biology (10 decks)

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