Macromolecules Flashcards
What are the four macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acids
Monosaccharides are made up of how many sugars?
Simple sugars; monomers
Disaccharides are made up of how many sugars?
Double sugars
Polysaccharides are made up of how many sugars?
Many sugars; polymer
What are 3 monosaccharides?
Triose (3 carbons)
Pentose (5 carbons)
Hexose (6 carbons)
What monosaccharide is energy for cells
Glucose
Fructose is found in what? What is galactose found in?
Fruit. Milk.
Disaccharides are built through what? What is their structure?
Built through dehydration reactions.
2 monomers bonded with glycosidic linkage
What are some examples of disaccharides?
Sucrose- table sugar
Maltose- some vegetables or fruits
Lactose- milk
Storage polysaccharides are…
Starch and glycogen
Structural polysaccharide examples are…
Cellulose and Chitin
Storage molecules are alpha or beta?
Alpha
Structural molecules are alpha or beta?
Beta
Starch is a storage molecule for…
Plants
What is the storage molecule for animals and where is it found?
Glycogen and in liver & muscles
Structural molecule in plants?
Cellulose
Chitin is found in what?
Shells of crustaceans and insects
Why can we not digest cellulose?
We lack the enzymes to
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
What are some examples of lipids?
Fats, steroids, phospholipids
Subunits of fats are
Glycerol and fatty acids
Fats do what?
Long term energy storage
Insulation
Cushions organs
What are the 2 types of fats?
Unsaturated and saturated
Are unsaturated or saturated fats liquid at room temperature?
Unsaturated
Are saturated fats liquid or solid at room temp?
Solid
Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?
Because the hydrocarbon chain is bent, not allowing tight packing
Examples of unsaturated fats
Olive oil, fish oil, canola oil
Examples of saturated fats
Bacon grease (animal fats), butter
4 fused carbon rings w various function groups
Steroids
Example of steroid and about it
Cholesterol
- found in animal cell membranes
- can cause arteriosclerosis
Phospholipids are a major component in what?
Cell membrane
Structure of phospholipids:
Polar, hydrophilic head made of glycerol & phosphate
2 tails made of non polar hydrophobic fatty acids
What kind of linkages do lipids use?
Ester linkage
Proteins use which elements?
C, H, O, N, S
Lipids use which elements
C & H
Carbohydrates contain which elements
C, H, O
Amino acids are important to which macromolecule?
Proteins
Proteins are polymers of what?
Amino acids
Proteins provide support. Give examples of where they can be found in the human body
Ligaments, tendons, hair
Peptide bond happen when?
After dehydration synthesis, connects carbon to nitrogen
Shapes of proteins include:
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
What is denaturation?
Changing proteins native shape
How does denaturation happen?
High temperature
Change in pH
Organic solvent
Salt
Nucleic acids are the ??? Of the cell?
Information carrying molecules
Nucleic acid monomers are…?
Nucleotides
Nucleotides consist of:
A 5 carbon sugar
A phosphate
A nitrogenous base
Two types of nucleic acids are:
RNA + DNA
DNA is the ??? ??? That organisms inherit from their parents
Genetic material
Aperitif regions of DNA that contain a code for the amino acid sequence for a protein
Genes
The sugar in DNA:
Deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases for DNA-
ATCG adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
Shape of DNA:
Double helix
The sides of the DNA helix ladder are made of:
Alternating phosphate and sugar
The rungs of the laser are
Nitrogenous based (ATCG)
How do the nitrogenous bases pair in DNA?
A-T ; C-G
The nitrogenous bases in DNA are held together by
Weak hydrogen bonds
RNA typically has how many strands?
One strand
A copy of ??? contains the code for a protein
Section of DNA
The sugar for RNA is
Ribose
The nitrogenous bases for RNA is:
AUGC Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine
The nitrogenous bases for RNA go into 2 small groups. What are they?
Pyrimidines & Purines
Pyrimidines are a ??? Ring structure and have which bases?
Single ring structure
C and T
Purines are a ??? Ring structure and have which bases?
Double ring structure
G and A
