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Whisker Pre-AP Biology > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acids

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2
Q

Monosaccharides are made up of how many sugars?

A

Simple sugars; monomers

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3
Q

Disaccharides are made up of how many sugars?

A

Double sugars

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4
Q

Polysaccharides are made up of how many sugars?

A

Many sugars; polymer

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5
Q

What are 3 monosaccharides?

A

Triose (3 carbons)
Pentose (5 carbons)
Hexose (6 carbons)

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6
Q

What monosaccharide is energy for cells

A

Glucose

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7
Q

Fructose is found in what? What is galactose found in?

A

Fruit. Milk.

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8
Q

Disaccharides are built through what? What is their structure?

A

Built through dehydration reactions.

2 monomers bonded with glycosidic linkage

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9
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose- table sugar
Maltose- some vegetables or fruits
Lactose- milk

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10
Q

Storage polysaccharides are…

A

Starch and glycogen

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11
Q

Structural polysaccharide examples are…

A

Cellulose and Chitin

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12
Q

Storage molecules are alpha or beta?

A

Alpha

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13
Q

Structural molecules are alpha or beta?

A

Beta

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14
Q

Starch is a storage molecule for…

A

Plants

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15
Q

What is the storage molecule for animals and where is it found?

A

Glycogen and in liver & muscles

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16
Q

Structural molecule in plants?

A

Cellulose

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17
Q

Chitin is found in what?

A

Shells of crustaceans and insects

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18
Q

Why can we not digest cellulose?

A

We lack the enzymes to

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19
Q

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

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20
Q

What are some examples of lipids?

A

Fats, steroids, phospholipids

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21
Q

Subunits of fats are

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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22
Q

Fats do what?

A

Long term energy storage
Insulation
Cushions organs

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of fats?

A

Unsaturated and saturated

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24
Q

Are unsaturated or saturated fats liquid at room temperature?

A

Unsaturated

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25
Q

Are saturated fats liquid or solid at room temp?

A

Solid

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26
Q

Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

A

Because the hydrocarbon chain is bent, not allowing tight packing

27
Q

Examples of unsaturated fats

A

Olive oil, fish oil, canola oil

28
Q

Examples of saturated fats

A

Bacon grease (animal fats), butter

29
Q

4 fused carbon rings w various function groups

A

Steroids

30
Q

Example of steroid and about it

A

Cholesterol

  • found in animal cell membranes
  • can cause arteriosclerosis
31
Q

Phospholipids are a major component in what?

A

Cell membrane

32
Q

Structure of phospholipids:

A

Polar, hydrophilic head made of glycerol & phosphate

2 tails made of non polar hydrophobic fatty acids

33
Q

What kind of linkages do lipids use?

A

Ester linkage

34
Q

Proteins use which elements?

A

C, H, O, N, S

35
Q

Lipids use which elements

A

C & H

36
Q

Carbohydrates contain which elements

A

C, H, O

37
Q

Amino acids are important to which macromolecule?

A

Proteins

38
Q

Proteins are polymers of what?

A

Amino acids

39
Q

Proteins provide support. Give examples of where they can be found in the human body

A

Ligaments, tendons, hair

40
Q

Peptide bond happen when?

A

After dehydration synthesis, connects carbon to nitrogen

41
Q

Shapes of proteins include:

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

42
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Changing proteins native shape

43
Q

How does denaturation happen?

A

High temperature
Change in pH
Organic solvent
Salt

44
Q

Nucleic acids are the ??? Of the cell?

A

Information carrying molecules

45
Q

Nucleic acid monomers are…?

A

Nucleotides

46
Q

Nucleotides consist of:

A

A 5 carbon sugar

A phosphate

A nitrogenous base

47
Q

Two types of nucleic acids are:

A

RNA + DNA

48
Q

DNA is the ??? ??? That organisms inherit from their parents

A

Genetic material

49
Q

Aperitif regions of DNA that contain a code for the amino acid sequence for a protein

A

Genes

50
Q

The sugar in DNA:

A

Deoxyribose

51
Q

Nitrogenous bases for DNA-

A

ATCG adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

52
Q

Shape of DNA:

A

Double helix

53
Q

The sides of the DNA helix ladder are made of:

A

Alternating phosphate and sugar

54
Q

The rungs of the laser are

A

Nitrogenous based (ATCG)

55
Q

How do the nitrogenous bases pair in DNA?

A

A-T ; C-G

56
Q

The nitrogenous bases in DNA are held together by

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

57
Q

RNA typically has how many strands?

A

One strand

58
Q

A copy of ??? contains the code for a protein

A

Section of DNA

59
Q

The sugar for RNA is

A

Ribose

60
Q

The nitrogenous bases for RNA is:

A

AUGC Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine

61
Q

The nitrogenous bases for RNA go into 2 small groups. What are they?

A

Pyrimidines & Purines

62
Q

Pyrimidines are a ??? Ring structure and have which bases?

A

Single ring structure

C and T

63
Q

Purines are a ??? Ring structure and have which bases?

A

Double ring structure

G and A

Whisker Pre-AP Biology (21 decks)

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