Chapter 4 Tour Of The Cell Vocabulary Flashcards
The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds.
Cell Fractionation
A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists.
Cell Wall
In a mature plant cell, in a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances.
Central Vacuole
A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern.
Centriole
An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
Chloroplast
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.
Chromatin
A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated with protein molecules.
Chromosome
A short appendage containing microtubes in eukaryotic cells.
Cilium
A membranous sac that helps move water out of certain freshwater proteins.
Contractile vaculoe
An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
Crista
The contents of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane.
Cytoplasm
A network of microtubes, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm and serves a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.
Cytoskeleton
The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Cytosol
A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in a practical resolution of 100-fold or greater than that of a light microscope using standard techniques.
Electron Microscope (EM)
The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, relate either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesticles.
Endomembrane System
An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded and ribosome free regions.
Endoplasmic reticulum
A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles.
Eukarytoic Cells
A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion.
Flagellum
A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell.
Food vacuole
A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.
Glycoprotein
An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulm and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbs.
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast.
Granum
A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubes and microfilaments.
Intermediate filament
An optical instrument with lenses that refract visible light to magnify images of specimens.
Light microscope
A membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists.
Lysosome
A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.
Microfilament
The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA.
Mitochondrial matrix
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP.
Mitochondrion
In a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
Nuclear envelope
A non-membrane-enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located.
Nucleoid
A specialized structure in the nucleus consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.
Nucleolus
(1). An atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2). The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin. (3). A cluster of neutrons.
Nucleus
Any of several kinds of membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cystosol o eukayotic cells.
Organelle
An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Peroxisome
A type o endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. it is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.)
Phagocytosis
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition.
Plasma membrane
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and arcaea) are called prokaryotes.
Prokaryotic cell
A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large subunit and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus.
Ribosome
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached.
Rough ER
A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, coated with metal atoms, to study details of its topography.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
Smooth ER
The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
Stroma
A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoid often exist in stacks called grana that are that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
Thylakoid
A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.
Transport vesicle
A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.
Vesicle
