Chapter 9 vocabulary Cell Cycle Flashcards
The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.
Anaphase
The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.
Anchorage Dependence
A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.
Aster
A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor’s origin.
Benign Tumor
A method of asexual reproduction in a single-celled organisms in which the cell grows to roughly double its size and then divides into two cells. In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukarytoes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.
Binary Fission
An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. The eukarytoic cell cycle is composed of interphase (including G1, S and G2 subphases) and M phase (including mitosis and cytokinesis).
Cell Cycle
A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
Cell Cycle Control system
The reproduction of cells
Cell Division
A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
Cell Plate
In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where it is most closely attached to its sister chromatid by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence.)
Centromere
A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtuble-orgazing center and is important during cell division. An centrosome has two centrioles.
Centrosome
A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.
Checkpoint
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukarytoic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
Chromatin
A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules. (In some contexts, such as genome sequencing, the term may refer to the DNA alone.) A eukaryotic cell typically has multiple, linear chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus . A prokaryotic cell often has a single, circular chromosome, which is found in the nucleoid, a region that is not enclosed by a membrane. See also chromatin.
Chromosome
(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.
Cleavage
The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
Cleavage Furrow
The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I or meiosis II.
Cytokinesis
The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.
Density-Dependent Inhibition
A non-dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.
G0 Phase
The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.
G1 Phase
The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
G2 Phase
The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
G2 Phase
A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
Gamete
Genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism’s or virus’s genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.
Genome
1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells.
2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.
Growth Factor
The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.
Interphase
A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
Kinetochore
A cancerous tumor containing cells
Malignant Tumor
The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to the microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.
Metaphase
An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located
Metaphase plate
The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site
Metastasis
A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Mitosis
