Macromolecules Flashcards
Why do drugs work
Biosynthesis of dna protein
Drugs enter world of chemicals
Drugs have specific effect
Main drug targets
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acid
Size of drug
Smaller than molecular target
Macromolecules
Large organic molecules
Made of monomoers
Eg carbs/lipids/proteins/Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Quick short term energy
Monomer=monosaccharide
E.g. monosac/ disac/ polysac
Examples of monosaccharides
Single molecule sugars
Glucose /galactose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Fructose
Ribose
Disaccharides
Two sugar unit
Polysaccharide
Many units
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Glycogen
Made in liver
Energy storage in animals
Starch
Energy storage in plants
Lipids
Fats that do not mix in water
Eg
Fats
Phospholipids
Oils
Waxes
Steeoid hormones
Triglycerides
Six functions if lipids
Long term energy storage
Insulation
Cushion and protect organs
Protection against water koss
Chemical messengers(hormones)
Major component of cell membranes (phospholipids)
Triglycerides
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Hydrophobic
Amino acids
Building blocks for proteins
With chiral centre
Which amino acids can humans use
L natural amino acids
Amino acids
Amine group
Carboxylic group
Different types of amino acids
Aromatic
Hydrophobic (non-polar)
Hydroxyl/sulfur containing
Hydrophilic (acidic/basic)
Proteins
Monomer of 20 amino acids bonded by peptide bonds
Shape of protein determines function
Intermolecular forces
Hydrophobic interactions
Disulphide bridges
Hydrophobic interactions
Hydrophillic
Ionic bonding
Function of protein
Storage
Transport
Regulatory
Movement
Structural membrane hair/nails
Enzymes: cellular reactions
Nucleic acids
Store generic info composed if nucleotides
Rna- helps make protein
Dna- stores genetic information
Drug interactions
Process of binding at the biding site on target
Intermolecular bonding
Drug and macromolecule,
Interactions can be broken and reformed generating an equilibrium between bound and unbound drug
Describe strength & interaction of drug
Strong enough to have an effect but weak enough for drug to come away
Binding groups
Functional groups
Ionic bonds
Strongest if intermolecular bonds
Between groups of opposite charges
Non-directional- further drug, weaker interaction
Hydrophbic binding site
Hydrogen bonds
Occur between electron rich heteroatom
Electron deficient hydrogen
Strength of H bonds
Depends on how strong donor and acceptor are
Good H acceptors
Electronegative and have a lone pair
Strong Hbas
Po3
Co2
Strength ofVan der waals interactions
Very weak
Neutral van der waals
Non polar
Electronic distribution never even or symmetrical
Mechanism of van dee waals
Transient areas of high and low electron densities leading to temporary dipoles
Dipole dipole interaction
Drug and macromolecules have dipoles and bond
Have arrows
Role of water and hydrophobic interaction
Drugs and molecular target both need to be displace solvent water before binding
Repulsive interaction
Prevent molecules merging with each other
Charges repel
Three broad isomers
Constitutional
Conformational
Configuration-stereoisomers
Constitutional isomers
Same formula different connectivity
Conformational isomee
Differ only by rotation about a single bond
Interconvert freely at all but extremely low temps
Configuration
Stereoisomers
Same connectivity but cannot be interconverted through single bond rotation
Bond breaking and bond formation are required for interconversion
Enantiomers
Molecules that have identical binds between atoms but are non superimposable mirror images
Eg hands
Properties of enantiomers
Non chiral environment, identical physical properties
Cannot be separated simple distillation/ recrystallisation/ chromatography
Impossible to distinguish spectroscopy
How would you identify enantiomers
Optical
Chiral reagents
Different enantiomers will have different
Rates if reaction
Solubilites in chiral solvents
Different spectra in chiral solvents
Binding to enzymes
Physio effects
Ways of telling enantiomers apart
Polarises light
Polarimetry
Clockwise
R
Anticlockwise
S
Double bond isomer
Geometric isomer
Geometric same side
Z isomer
Cis isomer
Same side of double bond
Trans isomer
Different side of double bond
Opposite side
E isomer
Effect of asymmetry on bio systems
Enantiomers interconvert in body preventing use if a single enantiomer for treatment if morning sickness
Eg thalidomide
Limonene
