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PJ1310 Science Of Medicines Yr1 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Why do drugs work

A

Biosynthesis of dna protein
Drugs enter world of chemicals
Drugs have specific effect

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2
Q

Main drug targets

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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3
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acid

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4
Q

Size of drug

A

Smaller than molecular target

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5
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large organic molecules
Made of monomoers
Eg carbs/lipids/proteins/Nucleic acids

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Quick short term energy
Monomer=monosaccharide
E.g. monosac/ disac/ polysac

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7
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Single molecule sugars
Glucose /galactose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Fructose
Ribose

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8
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two sugar unit

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9
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many units
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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10
Q

Glycogen

A

Made in liver
Energy storage in animals

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11
Q

Starch

A

Energy storage in plants

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12
Q

Lipids

A

Fats that do not mix in water
Eg
Fats
Phospholipids
Oils
Waxes
Steeoid hormones
Triglycerides

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13
Q

Six functions if lipids

A

Long term energy storage
Insulation
Cushion and protect organs
Protection against water koss
Chemical messengers(hormones)
Major component of cell membranes (phospholipids)

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14
Q

Triglycerides

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Hydrophobic

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15
Q

Amino acids

A

Building blocks for proteins
With chiral centre

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16
Q

Which amino acids can humans use

A

L natural amino acids

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17
Q

Amino acids

A

Amine group
Carboxylic group

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18
Q

Different types of amino acids

A

Aromatic
Hydrophobic (non-polar)
Hydroxyl/sulfur containing
Hydrophilic (acidic/basic)

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19
Q

Proteins

A

Monomer of 20 amino acids bonded by peptide bonds
Shape of protein determines function

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20
Q

Intermolecular forces

A

Hydrophobic interactions
Disulphide bridges
Hydrophobic interactions
Hydrophillic
Ionic bonding

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21
Q

Function of protein

A

Storage
Transport
Regulatory
Movement
Structural membrane hair/nails
Enzymes: cellular reactions

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22
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Store generic info composed if nucleotides
Rna- helps make protein
Dna- stores genetic information

23
Q

Drug interactions

A

Process of binding at the biding site on target

24
Q

Intermolecular bonding

A

Drug and macromolecule,
Interactions can be broken and reformed generating an equilibrium between bound and unbound drug

25
Q

Describe strength & interaction of drug

A

Strong enough to have an effect but weak enough for drug to come away

26
Q

Binding groups

A

Functional groups

27
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Strongest if intermolecular bonds
Between groups of opposite charges
Non-directional- further drug, weaker interaction
Hydrophbic binding site

28
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Occur between electron rich heteroatom
Electron deficient hydrogen

29
Q

Strength of H bonds

A

Depends on how strong donor and acceptor are

30
Q

Good H acceptors

A

Electronegative and have a lone pair

31
Q

Strong Hbas

32
Q

Strength ofVan der waals interactions

33
Q

Neutral van der waals

A

Non polar
Electronic distribution never even or symmetrical

34
Q

Mechanism of van dee waals

A

Transient areas of high and low electron densities leading to temporary dipoles

35
Q

Dipole dipole interaction

A

Drug and macromolecules have dipoles and bond
Have arrows

36
Q

Role of water and hydrophobic interaction

A

Drugs and molecular target both need to be displace solvent water before binding

37
Q

Repulsive interaction

A

Prevent molecules merging with each other
Charges repel

38
Q

Three broad isomers

A

Constitutional
Conformational
Configuration-stereoisomers

39
Q

Constitutional isomers

A

Same formula different connectivity

40
Q

Conformational isomee

A

Differ only by rotation about a single bond
Interconvert freely at all but extremely low temps

41
Q

Configuration

A

Stereoisomers
Same connectivity but cannot be interconverted through single bond rotation
Bond breaking and bond formation are required for interconversion

42
Q

Enantiomers

A

Molecules that have identical binds between atoms but are non superimposable mirror images
Eg hands

43
Q

Properties of enantiomers

A

Non chiral environment, identical physical properties
Cannot be separated simple distillation/ recrystallisation/ chromatography
Impossible to distinguish spectroscopy

44
Q

How would you identify enantiomers

A

Optical
Chiral reagents

45
Q

Different enantiomers will have different

A

Rates if reaction
Solubilites in chiral solvents
Different spectra in chiral solvents
Binding to enzymes
Physio effects

46
Q

Ways of telling enantiomers apart

A

Polarises light
Polarimetry

47
Q

Clockwise

48
Q

Anticlockwise

49
Q

Double bond isomer

A

Geometric isomer

50
Q

Geometric same side

51
Q

Cis isomer

A

Same side of double bond

52
Q

Trans isomer

A

Different side of double bond

53
Q

Opposite side

54
Q

Effect of asymmetry on bio systems

A

Enantiomers interconvert in body preventing use if a single enantiomer for treatment if morning sickness
Eg thalidomide
Limonene

PJ1310 Science Of Medicines Yr1 (15 decks)

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