Macromolecules

Question 1

Why do drugs work

Answer 1

Biosynthesis of dna protein
Drugs enter world of chemicals
Drugs have specific effect

Question 2

Main drug targets

Answer 2

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 3

Macromolecules

Answer 3

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acid

Question 4

Size of drug

Answer 4

Smaller than molecular target

Question 5

Macromolecules

Answer 5

Large organic molecules
Made of monomoers
Eg carbs/lipids/proteins/Nucleic acids

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

Quick short term energy
Monomer=monosaccharide
E.g. monosac/ disac/ polysac

Question 7

Examples of monosaccharides

Answer 7

Single molecule sugars
Glucose /galactose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Fructose
Ribose

Question 8

Disaccharides

Answer 8

Two sugar unit

Question 9

Polysaccharide

Answer 9

Many units
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

Question 10

Glycogen

Answer 10

Made in liver
Energy storage in animals

Question 11

Starch

Answer 11

Energy storage in plants

Question 12

Lipids

Answer 12

Fats that do not mix in water
Eg
Fats
Phospholipids
Oils
Waxes
Steeoid hormones
Triglycerides

Question 13

Six functions if lipids

Answer 13

Long term energy storage
Insulation
Cushion and protect organs
Protection against water koss
Chemical messengers(hormones)
Major component of cell membranes (phospholipids)

Question 14

Triglycerides

Answer 14

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Hydrophobic

Question 15

Amino acids

Answer 15

Building blocks for proteins
With chiral centre

Question 16

Which amino acids can humans use

Answer 16

L natural amino acids

Question 17

Amino acids

Answer 17

Amine group
Carboxylic group

Question 18

Different types of amino acids

Answer 18

Aromatic
Hydrophobic (non-polar)
Hydroxyl/sulfur containing
Hydrophilic (acidic/basic)

Question 19

Proteins

Answer 19

Monomer of 20 amino acids bonded by peptide bonds
Shape of protein determines function

Question 20

Intermolecular forces

Answer 20

Hydrophobic interactions
Disulphide bridges
Hydrophobic interactions
Hydrophillic
Ionic bonding

Question 21

Function of protein

Answer 21

Storage
Transport
Regulatory
Movement
Structural membrane hair/nails
Enzymes: cellular reactions

Question 22

Nucleic acids

Answer 22

Store generic info composed if nucleotides
Rna- helps make protein
Dna- stores genetic information

Question 23

Drug interactions

Answer 23

Process of binding at the biding site on target

Question 24

Intermolecular bonding

Answer 24

Drug and macromolecule,
Interactions can be broken and reformed generating an equilibrium between bound and unbound drug

Question 25

Describe strength & interaction of drug

Answer 25

Strong enough to have an effect but weak enough for drug to come away

Question 26

Binding groups

Answer 26

Functional groups

Question 27

Ionic bonds

Answer 27

Strongest if intermolecular bonds Between groups of opposite charges Non-directional- further drug, weaker interaction Hydrophbic binding site

Question 28

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 28

Occur between electron rich heteroatom Electron deficient hydrogen

Question 29

Strength of H bonds

Answer 29

Depends on how strong donor and acceptor are

Question 30

Good H acceptors

Answer 30

Electronegative and have a lone pair

Question 31

Strong Hbas

Answer 31

Po3 Co2

Question 32

Strength ofVan der waals interactions

Answer 32

Very weak

Question 33

Neutral van der waals

Answer 33

Non polar Electronic distribution never even or symmetrical

Question 34

Mechanism of van dee waals

Answer 34

Transient areas of high and low electron densities leading to temporary dipoles

Question 35

Dipole dipole interaction

Answer 35

Drug and macromolecules have dipoles and bond Have arrows

Question 36

Role of water and hydrophobic interaction

Answer 36

Drugs and molecular target both need to be displace solvent water before binding

Question 37

Repulsive interaction

Answer 37

Prevent molecules merging with each other Charges repel

Question 38

Three broad isomers

Answer 38

Constitutional Conformational Configuration-stereoisomers

Question 39

Constitutional isomers

Answer 39

Same formula different connectivity

Question 40

Conformational isomee

Answer 40

Differ only by rotation about a single bond Interconvert freely at all but extremely low temps

Question 41

Configuration

Answer 41

Stereoisomers Same connectivity but cannot be interconverted through single bond rotation Bond breaking and bond formation are required for interconversion

Question 42

Enantiomers

Answer 42

Molecules that have identical binds between atoms but are non superimposable mirror images Eg hands

Question 43

Properties of enantiomers

Answer 43

Non chiral environment, identical physical properties Cannot be separated simple distillation/ recrystallisation/ chromatography Impossible to distinguish spectroscopy

Question 44

How would you identify enantiomers

Answer 44

Optical Chiral reagents

Question 45

Different enantiomers will have different

Answer 45

Rates if reaction Solubilites in chiral solvents Different spectra in chiral solvents Binding to enzymes Physio effects

Question 46

Ways of telling enantiomers apart

Answer 46

Polarises light Polarimetry

Question 47

Clockwise

Answer 47

R

Question 48

Anticlockwise

Answer 48

S

Question 49

Double bond isomer

Answer 49

Geometric isomer

Question 50

Geometric same side

Answer 50

Z isomer

Question 51

Cis isomer

Answer 51

Same side of double bond

Question 52

Trans isomer

Answer 52

Different side of double bond

Question 53

Opposite side

Answer 53

E isomer

Question 54

Effect of asymmetry on bio systems

Answer 54

Enantiomers interconvert in body preventing use if a single enantiomer for treatment if morning sickness Eg thalidomide Limonene