General Chemistry

Question 1

What charge do protons have?

Answer 1

Positive

Question 2

What charges do neutrons have?

Answer 2

No charge

Question 3

What charges do electrons have

Answer 3

Negative

Question 4

Whats the relationship between protons and electrons

Answer 4

Same number on periodic table eg carbon has 6 protons and neutrons

Question 5

What are isotopes?

Answer 5

Same atomic number but different mass number

Question 6

How do you calculate number of neutrons

Answer 6

Mass number - atomic number

Question 7

What are the different orbitals

Answer 7

S, p, d, f

Question 8

Finish the sentence, The closer the shell is to the nucleus …

Answer 8

Lower its energy

Question 9

What are valence electrons

Answer 9

Electrons in outermost shell

Question 10

Describe core electrons

Answer 10

Electrons in innermost shells

Question 11

What is the aufbau principle

Answer 11

An electron goes into the atomic orbital with lowest energy so first 1s then 2s then 2p then 3s then 3p then 4s then 3d etc

Question 12

Whats pauli exclusion principle

Answer 12

No more than two e- can be in an atomic orbital

Question 13

Whats hunds rule?

Answer 13

An e- goes into and empty degenerate orbital rather than pairing up

Question 14

When is an atom most stable

Answer 14

When it has 8 electrons or full outer shell

Question 15

Describe lewis structure

Answer 15

Lewis structure is where dots and lines are used to represent valence electrons and bonds

Question 16

When is a covalent bond formed

Answer 16

When e- are shared

Question 17

Describe lone pairs

Answer 17

Valence Electrons that are do not form bonds

Question 18

How many valence e- does Oxygen have and how many bonds do it form

Answer 18

6 valence electron and 2 covalent bonds

Question 19

How many valence e does nitrogen have and how many bonds does it form

Answer 19

5 valence e and 3 covalent bonds

Question 20

How many valence e does carbon have and how many bonds does it form

Answer 20

4 valence e and 4 covalent bonds

Question 21

Explain electronegativity

Answer 21

Measure of ability of atom to pull e to itself

Question 22

Describe a non polar covalent bond

Answer 22

Bonded atoms that have the same or similar electronegativities

Question 23

Describe polar covalent bond

Answer 23

Bonded atoms have different electronegativites

Question 24

Describe a dipole

Answer 24

Polar covalent bonds with negative and and positive end and a dipole moment

Question 25

What are units for dipole

Answer 25

Debye

Question 26

How do you calculate formal charge

Answer 26

No of valence electrons - (no of non bonded electrons + no of bonds)

Question 27

What is a cation/ anion/ radical

Answer 27

+ charge = cation
- charge = anion
No charge = radical

Question 28

Describe neutral H when bonded

Answer 28

1 bond and no lone pairs

Question 29

Describe neutral c when bonded

Answer 29

4 bonds and no lone pairs

Question 30

Describe neutral n when bonded

Answer 30

3 bonds and 1 lone pairs

Question 31

Describe neutral o when bonded

Answer 31

2 bonds and 2 lone pairs

Question 32

Describe neutral halogens when bonded

Answer 32

1 bond and 3 lone pairs

Question 33

How does a sigma bond form

Answer 33

Head on overlap of atomic orbitals

Question 34

What is a molecular orbital

Answer 34

Volume of space around a molecule where electron most likely to be found

Question 35

How are orbitals conserved?

Answer 35

No of orbitals = no of molecular orbitals combined

Question 36

What can an destructive overlap form

Answer 36

Sigma antibonding

Question 37

How is a sigma covalent bond formed

Answer 37

Head on overlap of two atomic orbitals

Question 38

What does a side to side overlap of p orbitals form

Answer 38

Pi covalent bonds

Question 39

What does an out of phase overlap form

Answer 39

Pi* antibonding
(Different colours)

Question 40

What does an in phase overlap cause

Answer 40

Pi bonding
(Same colour)