M8 Flashcards
What are the 4 types of Nitrogenous bases in DNA
Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C), Thymine(T)
What is DNA made of
Nucleotides ( Phosphate + sugar(dexoyribose + Nitrogenous base
What are nitrogenous bases with 2 rings called
Purines (A,G)
What are nitrogenous bases with 1 ring called
Pyrimidines (C,T)
How long is 1 strand of DNA in a Eukaryote
2 meters long
What does a chromosome/dna look like in a prokaryote
Single circular chromosome
What is the structural chemical difference between DNA and RNA
RNA has a OH instead of H on the 2 prime
Is RNA single stranded or double stranded
single stranded
What is the different base pair in RNA
Uracil(U) instead of Thymine(T)
What is mrna
Messenger RNA for encoding Protiens
What is tRNA
Transports and deposits amino acids
What is rRNA
Forms ribosomes
Can Ribosomes exit the nucleus
Yes
What are the 2 purposes of DNA
1)Pass genetic information to daughter cells/offsprings.
2)Encode Proteins
When does DNA Replication happen
S phase in interphase
Is DNA Replication semi conservative
Yes, because a little of the original DNA is used in the clones
Where does DNA replication happen in Eukaryotes
Nucleus
What is the first step of DNA replication
Initiation
What happens in Initiation for DNA Replication and what enzymes are used
Enzyme Helicase is used to break bonds that keep the base pairs together. Each side then becomes the template strand for new DNA
What is the second step in DNA replication and what enzymes are used
Elongation is the second step. DNA Polymerase attaches to the appropriate nucleotides to each base at the template strand to create new strand. Primase makes DNA primer to tell DNA polymerase where to start building.
What is the problem in step 2 of DNA replication with DNA polymerase
Since DNA polymerase only build from 5 prime to 3 prime this causes issues for 1 of the template strands. This makes one discontinuous
What is the lagging strand
The discontinuous strand that is slowed down due to DNA polymerase because of 3 prime to 5 prime
What is the leading strand
The continuous template strand that is 5 prime to 3 prime
What is the 3rd step in DNA Replication and what are the enzymes used
Termination and Ligase glues all the pieces together to make sure everything is connected for new DNA strand.
What is Telomere
DNA + Proteins on the end of DNA, not in all cells
What are the 2 end of replication problems for DNA
Discontinuous strand has some empty DNA because primer has no where to attach.
Slightly short DNA strand
What is Telomerase
Replicates telomer
In Prokaryotic cells where does DNA replication occur
Cytoplasm
What are the 3 stages in prokaryotic cells DNA replication(asexual reproduction)
Intiation, Elongation, Termination
How many nucleotides are replicated a second in Eukaryotes
10-100
How many nucleotides are replicated a second in Prokaryotes
1000
What are the 2 steps when DNA encodes protein
1)Transcription
2)Translation
What happen in Transcription
DNA -> mRNA in nucleus.
What happen in Initiation for Transcription
RNA polymerase binds and partially unwinds DNA. Promoter indicates where RNA polymerase binds.
What happens in Elongation for Transcription
RNA polymerase proceeds along template strand to add nucleotides -> mRNA. DNA in rewound behind RNA polymerase
What happen in Termination for Transcription
Specific nucleotide sequence = termination signal
What happens during elongation for eukaryotes to protect mRNA
RNA stabilizing proteins and poly-A are added to mRNA for protection for transport to cytoplasm
What happens right after Termination in RNA processing
pre mRNA - Splicing -> mRNA. Exons are expressed and introns are removed
What are exons
stay/expressed parts in mRNA
What are introns in mRNA processing
removed/intervening parts in mRNA
What happens in Translation for encoding proteins
mRNA -> Proteins, Happens in Cytoplasm in Ribosomes
What are Proteins
A sequence of amino acids
What is a codon
3-nucleotide code translated form mRNA
What happen in Initiation for Translation
Start codon initiates protein synthesis in ribosomes
What happens in Elongation during Translation
tRNA reads mRNA -> add correct amino acid. Has anti codon on it to attach and read.
What happens during Termination for Translation
Stop codon terminates synthesis
What is Gene Expression
Turning on a gene to produce RNA and Protein. Proteins are not always needed at constant rate -> regulate gene expression
When does Regulation happen in prokaryotes
Only during transciprtion
When does regulation happen in eukaryotes
Regulation can occur at each step/stage
In prokaryotes does transcription do translation happen simultaneously
Yes
In Eukaryotes where do Transcription and Translation occur
Nucleus and Cytoplasm
What are the 3 Mechanisms of regulation
Stimuli from enviornment
Suppressor or promoter Proteins
Change in Spicing