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BIOSC-101 E2 > M8 > Flashcards

M8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of Nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C), Thymine(T)

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2
Q

What is DNA made of

A

Nucleotides ( Phosphate + sugar(dexoyribose + Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

What are nitrogenous bases with 2 rings called

A

Purines (A,G)

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4
Q

What are nitrogenous bases with 1 ring called

A

Pyrimidines (C,T)

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5
Q

How long is 1 strand of DNA in a Eukaryote

A

2 meters long

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6
Q

What does a chromosome/dna look like in a prokaryote

A

Single circular chromosome

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7
Q

What is the structural chemical difference between DNA and RNA

A

RNA has a OH instead of H on the 2 prime

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8
Q

Is RNA single stranded or double stranded

A

single stranded

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9
Q

What is the different base pair in RNA

A

Uracil(U) instead of Thymine(T)

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10
Q

What is mrna

A

Messenger RNA for encoding Protiens

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11
Q

What is tRNA

A

Transports and deposits amino acids

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12
Q

What is rRNA

A

Forms ribosomes

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13
Q

Can Ribosomes exit the nucleus

A

Yes

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14
Q

What are the 2 purposes of DNA

A

1)Pass genetic information to daughter cells/offsprings.
2)Encode Proteins

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15
Q

When does DNA Replication happen

A

S phase in interphase

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16
Q

Is DNA Replication semi conservative

A

Yes, because a little of the original DNA is used in the clones

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17
Q

Where does DNA replication happen in Eukaryotes

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

What is the first step of DNA replication

A

Initiation

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19
Q

What happens in Initiation for DNA Replication and what enzymes are used

A

Enzyme Helicase is used to break bonds that keep the base pairs together. Each side then becomes the template strand for new DNA

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20
Q

What is the second step in DNA replication and what enzymes are used

A

Elongation is the second step. DNA Polymerase attaches to the appropriate nucleotides to each base at the template strand to create new strand. Primase makes DNA primer to tell DNA polymerase where to start building.

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21
Q

What is the problem in step 2 of DNA replication with DNA polymerase

A

Since DNA polymerase only build from 5 prime to 3 prime this causes issues for 1 of the template strands. This makes one discontinuous

22
Q

What is the lagging strand

A

The discontinuous strand that is slowed down due to DNA polymerase because of 3 prime to 5 prime

23
Q

What is the leading strand

A

The continuous template strand that is 5 prime to 3 prime

24
Q

What is the 3rd step in DNA Replication and what are the enzymes used

A

Termination and Ligase glues all the pieces together to make sure everything is connected for new DNA strand.

25
Q

What is Telomere

A

DNA + Proteins on the end of DNA, not in all cells

25
Q

What are the 2 end of replication problems for DNA

A

Discontinuous strand has some empty DNA because primer has no where to attach.
Slightly short DNA strand

26
Q

What is Telomerase

A

Replicates telomer

27
Q

In Prokaryotic cells where does DNA replication occur

28
Q

What are the 3 stages in prokaryotic cells DNA replication(asexual reproduction)

A

Intiation, Elongation, Termination

29
Q

How many nucleotides are replicated a second in Eukaryotes

30
Q

How many nucleotides are replicated a second in Prokaryotes

31
Q

What are the 2 steps when DNA encodes protein

A

1)Transcription
2)Translation

32
Q

What happen in Transcription

A

DNA -> mRNA in nucleus.

33
Q

What happen in Initiation for Transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds and partially unwinds DNA. Promoter indicates where RNA polymerase binds.

34
Q

What happens in Elongation for Transcription

A

RNA polymerase proceeds along template strand to add nucleotides -> mRNA. DNA in rewound behind RNA polymerase

35
Q

What happen in Termination for Transcription

A

Specific nucleotide sequence = termination signal

36
Q

What happens during elongation for eukaryotes to protect mRNA

A

RNA stabilizing proteins and poly-A are added to mRNA for protection for transport to cytoplasm

37
Q

What happens right after Termination in RNA processing

A

pre mRNA - Splicing -> mRNA. Exons are expressed and introns are removed

38
Q

What are exons

A

stay/expressed parts in mRNA

39
Q

What are introns in mRNA processing

A

removed/intervening parts in mRNA

40
Q

What happens in Translation for encoding proteins

A

mRNA -> Proteins, Happens in Cytoplasm in Ribosomes

41
Q

What are Proteins

A

A sequence of amino acids

42
Q

What is a codon

A

3-nucleotide code translated form mRNA

43
Q

What happen in Initiation for Translation

A

Start codon initiates protein synthesis in ribosomes

44
Q

What happens in Elongation during Translation

A

tRNA reads mRNA -> add correct amino acid. Has anti codon on it to attach and read.

45
Q

What happens during Termination for Translation

A

Stop codon terminates synthesis

46
Q

What is Gene Expression

A

Turning on a gene to produce RNA and Protein. Proteins are not always needed at constant rate -> regulate gene expression

47
Q

When does Regulation happen in prokaryotes

A

Only during transciprtion

48
Q

When does regulation happen in eukaryotes

A

Regulation can occur at each step/stage

49
Q

In prokaryotes does transcription do translation happen simultaneously

50
Q

In Eukaryotes where do Transcription and Translation occur

A

Nucleus and Cytoplasm

51
Q

What are the 3 Mechanisms of regulation

A

Stimuli from enviornment
Suppressor or promoter Proteins
Change in Spicing

BIOSC-101 E2 (9 decks)

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