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BIOSC-101 E2 > M10 > Flashcards

M10 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 types of species distribution and provide an example

A

Uniform - Penguin
Random - Plants
Clumped - Elephants

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2
Q

What insight into life history does understanding species distribution provide

A

Species territory
Species family structure

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3
Q

What are the ways that scientists estimate population size

A

Count each individual(Census)
Quadrat method
Mark and Recapture

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4
Q

List the 3 types of survivorship curves and identify whether survivorship is high equal or low

A

Type 1 high - low
Type 2 equal-equal
Type 3 low-high

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5
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle

A

No 2 species can occupy the same niche at the same time

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6
Q

Provide the definition for a foundation species species and provide an example

A

Foundation Species: Forms the major structural portion of the habitat, Typically primary producers, increase biodiversity. Kelp is an example of this.

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7
Q

Provide the definition for a keystone species and provide an example

A

Presence maintains biodiversity. Typically a top predator increases biodiversity.

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8
Q

What is the definition of Ecology

A

Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment

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9
Q

Population size

A

total number of individuals

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10
Q

Population density

A

number of individuals per unit area

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11
Q

What can you determine using population size

A

Adaptability after disturbance

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12
Q

What can you determine using population density

A

Intraspecific competition

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13
Q

What does higher density mean

A

More competition and ability to find mates

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14
Q

What is the definition of species distribution

A

How species are organized with a habitat

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15
Q

What are the cons of using a census to Estimate population size

A

Difficult, time consuming

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16
Q

What is the Quadrant method

A

Used for immobile/slow organisms on a small-scale. Use several then find the average. A square of PVC generally.

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17
Q

What is Mark and recapture

A

Mobile/large organisms used for like whales.

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18
Q

What is the formula for estimating population size

A

N=(M*C)/R
M is the marked and released
C is total in second capture
R is the marked in second capture

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19
Q

What is Demography

A

Statistical study of a population that describes the populations composition and change over time

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20
Q

How do you calculate birth rate

A

Number of Births/population size

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21
Q

How do you calculate mortality rate

A

Number died. / number survived

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22
Q

Does mortality and life expectancy change from age class to age class

A

Yes different factors affect survivability.

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23
Q

What is a tool that shows mortality and life expectancy changes from age class to age class

A

Life Table

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24
Q

What is population ecology

A

Dynamics of a population over time such as birth and death rates

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25
Q

What are the 2 models that predict population demographics

A

Exponential growth and logistic growth

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26
Q

What does the exponential growth model show

A

Accelerated growth of a population with unlimited resources

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27
Q

What does the logistic growth model show

A

Growth due to limited resources

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28
Q

What is carrying capacity(K)

A

Max population an environment can sustain

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of population growth regulators

A

Density dependent and density independent

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30
Q

What are density dependent regulators

A

Biological, population seize matters. For example competition, predation,disease

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31
Q

What are Density independent regulators

A

Physical, pop size does not matter. For example natural disasters, fire , drought

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32
Q

What are r selected Species

A

Simple, Promiscuous sexuality, early sexual maturity, high # of offspring, low parental investment

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33
Q

What is a K selected Species

A

Opposite of R selected, more parental care, less offspring,

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34
Q

What are long -term consequences of Humans long life span and exponential growth

A

Effect on enviornment(deforistatoin,overfishing)
Strict Policies(one child policies)
Climate change(Global Warming, intense weather)

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34
Q

How have humans hacked the system for exponential growth

A

We can alter ecosystems, Advanced technology, Retrieve resources, Health care all extend life span

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34
Q

What is community ecology

A

Study of how species interact with each other

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35
Q

What are the types of community ecology

A

Competition
Predation
Symbiosis

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36
Q

What is the Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

No 2 species can occupy the same niches at the same time

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37
Q

What are the 3 things Predation results in

A

Cycling of Predator-Prey population sizes
Adaptations in predators and preys
Mimicry

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38
Q

What are the 4 types of adaptation predators and preys can have for predation

A

Mechanical: Discourages physical contact(thorns)
Chemical: Toxins,Venoms
Physical: Avoid detection, camoflauge
Behavioral: Play dead, schooling of fish

39
Q

What are the 2 types of mimicry

A

Batesian mimicry: harmless species mimics harmful species
Mullerian mimicry: harmful species mimic each other

40
Q

What are the 3 types of Symbiosis

A

Mutualistic: both species benefit(bee + flower)
commensal: one species benefits other species experiences neither benefit or harm
Parasitic: one species benefits, other species experiences harm

41
Q

How are the 2 was to characterize a community

A

Species richness, Species abundance

42
Q

What is Species richness

A

of species within a habitat

43
Q

What is species abundance

A

of individuals in each species within a habitat

44
Q

What is biodiversity

A

combines species richness and relative species abundance

45
Q

What is a Foundation Species

A

forms the major structural position of the habitat, Typically primary producer, increases biodiversity

46
Q

What is a Keystone Species

A

presence maintaining biodiversity, Typically a top predator -> increases biodiversity

47
Q

What are community dynamics

A

How a community structure and composition change overtime

48
Q

What is Succession

A

Sequential appearance and disappearance of species in a community after a disturbance

49
Q

What are 2 types of succession

A

Primary
Secondary

50
Q

What is primary succession

A

Only happens when new land forms

51
Q

What is Secondary Succession

A

Disturbance destroys previous climax community then restart with new pioneer species to new climax community

52
Q

What is Ecosystem Ecology

A

Study of how nutrients + energy flow through organisms and their surroudings

53
Q

What are the 3 large categories of ecosystems

A

Terrestrial(23%)
Marine(Salt Water)(75%)
Freshwater(2%)

54
Q

How many biomes are in Terrestrial

A

8 biomes

55
Q

What is ecosystem Resistance

A

Ability to remain at equilibrium

56
Q

What is ecosystem Resilience

A

Speed of return to equilibrium

57
Q

What is biomagnification

A

Increasing concentrations of persistant, toxic substances in organisms at each successive trophic levels

58
Q

What is the Law of conservation of mass

A

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

59
Q

What are the 5 big biogeochemical cycles

A

Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Sulfer

60
Q

Water Cycle

A

All living things need/use it
<1% of available freshwater
Pollution, runoff, infiltration

61
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

All organic macromolecules contain carbon
global warming
greenhouse effect

62
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

Nucleic acids + Proteins
Agriculture (nitrogen fertilizer) runs off into water

63
Q

Phosphate Cycle

A

Nucleic acids + phospholipids
Weathering from rocks
Agricultural runoff->water ways->less sunlight more algae more deacy less oxygen less life

64
Q

Eutrophication

A

Nitrogen and Phosphate entering exosystem = rapid growth = algal Bloom = Dead zone

65
Q

Sulfur Cycle

A

Cystine(Amino acid) + Protein folding
Acid rain - b/c human emmissions

66
Q

What are Biomes

A

Large-scale communities are defined by the dominant plant types + similar climates. Dictated by temp + preciptioation

67
Q

How many major biomes are their

A

8 major biomes

68
Q

What are the 3 marine Biomes

A

Ocean
Coral reef - Lots of light, warm, Shallow, High biodiversity
Estuary - Brackish, River meets ocean, Large change in Salinity daily

69
Q

How many Marine and aquatic biomes are their

A

6, 3 each

70
Q

What affectes the marine and aquatic biomes

A

Dictaed by light, temperature, flow regime, dissolved solids

71
Q

What are the 3 aquatic Biomes

A

Lakes and Ponds - Limited flow regime, Vary in size, Large thermal stratification
Rivers + Streams - Constant moving water, Colder and faster at source
Wetlands - Soil is permanently or periodically saturated with water, Near continuous cover of vegetation, Bog,Marsh,Swamp

72
Q

Key features of Tropical Rainforest

A

Near the equator, Warm + Wet
High biodiversity
High deforestation

73
Q

Key Features of Savana

A

Grassland
low Trees
Hot + Topical
Dry Seasons -> Fires -> Adaptations

74
Q

Key Features of Desert

A

Low Biodiversity
Annual plant growth
Evaporation > Precipitation
Hot days
Freezing night

75
Q

Key Features Chaparral

A

Shrub forest
Dry summer
rainfall in summer
periodic fires

76
Q

Key Features of Temperate Grasslands

A

Prairies/Steppes
Hot summer
low precipitation
Grasses dominate
Cold winter
High fires

77
Q

Key Features of Temperate Forest

A

Deciduous trees dominate
Wide temperature range
Relatively constant precipitation

78
Q

Key Features of Boreal Forest

A

Cold dry winter
cool wet summer
Taiga/coniferous forest
subarctic and higher altitudes
coniferous evergreens dominate

79
Q

Key Features of Arctic Tundra

A

Very cold
very low precipitation
very short plant growth season
very low biodiversity
permafrost

80
Q

Nature’s importance to humans

A

Food/Agriculture
Medications
Fisheries
Livestock
Cultural, Spiritual, Psychological

81
Q

Biodiversity Importance to Nature

A

Better resistance and resilience to natural events, Disease and Human impact

82
Q

Types of Biodiversity

A

Genetic biodiversity
species diversity
community/ecosystem diversity

83
Q

Threats to biodiversity

A

Humans
->Habitat Loss, Invasive Species, Overharvesting, Climate change

84
Q

Are Extinction natural

A

Extinctions are natural

85
Q

Holocene

A

Current ongoing mass extinction due to human impacts

86
Q

How to preserve biodiversity

A

Legislation
Government agencies
Non-Profits
Protected Areas
Habitat restoration + wildlife rehabilitation
Captive Breeding Programs

87
Q

What is the Species type which is characterized by maturing later in life

A

K-selected species

88
Q

Species type that forms the major structural portion of a habitat

A

Foundation species

89
Q

A measure of species richness and relative species abundance

A

biodiversity

90
Q

Spines are an example of this category of predator-prey adaptation

A

mechanical

91
Q

Species type whose presence maintains biodiversity

A

Keystone species

92
Q

Species distribution type that indicates territorial behavior within a population

A

uniform

93
Q

Growth curve of population that experience unlimited resources

A

Exponential

94
Q

Type of symbiosis in which one species benefit and the other species experience harm

A

parasitic

95
Q

Tool that shows mortality and life expectancy changes form age class to age class

A

life table

96
Q

Mimicry type in which a harmless species mimics a harmful species

A

Batesian mimicry

97
Q
A

BIOSC-101 E2 (9 decks)

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