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BIOSC-101 E2 > M7 > Flashcards

M7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 2 reasons that cells repoduce

A

1)Repair/Renew cells/tissues(Mitosis)
2)Create New Individuals(Meiosis)

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2
Q

In What phase does DNA get replicated

A

Interphase

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3
Q

What is the Cell Cycle

A

Sequence of events in which a single parent cell divides to produce 2 new daughter cells which then continue the cycle

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4
Q

What is a Genome

A

A organisms complete set of DNA

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5
Q

What does the DNA of a prokaryotic organism look like

A

Single Double Stranded DNA in a circle

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6
Q

What does the DNA in a eukaryotic organism look like

A

Several double-stranded DNA in chromosomes/chromatin

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7
Q

What is the center of a chromosome called?

A

Centromere

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8
Q

What is the leg of a Chromosome called

A

Chromatid

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9
Q

Haploid (n/gamete)

A

one half of chromosome pair

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10
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

full set of chromosomes

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11
Q

Homologous pairs

A

Same length, same gene placement in chromosomes

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12
Q

How do you count the number of chromosomes

A

The number of centromeres

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13
Q

What is a Loci

A

The location of a gene on a chromosome

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14
Q

Are sex chromosomes a homologous pair

A

No

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15
Q

What is Phase 1 of mitosis

A

Interphase

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16
Q

What happens in Interphase

A

cell growth, replication

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17
Q

What is phase 2 of mitosis

A

Mitotic Phase

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18
Q

What happens is the mitotic phase

A

Actual Separation of cells

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19
Q

What are the three phases in interphase for mitosis

A

G phase = growth, S phase = DNA replicated, G2 phase = final prep

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20
Q

What is the first phase of the mitotic cycle

A

Prophase

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21
Q

What happens in Prophase

A

Chromatin turns into chromosomes, Organelles break up/disperse to edges

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22
Q

What is the second stage in the mitotic cycle

A

Prometaphase

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23
Q

What happens in prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope dissolves, Chromosomes attach to kinetochore at centrosomeres

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24
Q

What is the third phase in the mitotic cycle

A

Metaphase

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25
Q

What happens in the metaphase

A

chromosomes align at the middle of the cells

26
Q

What is the 4th phase in the mitotic cycle

A

Anaphase

27
Q

What happens in Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids split apart, cell enlongates into oval

28
Q

What is the 5th phase in the mitotic cycle

A

Telophase

29
Q

What happens in Telophase

A

First 3 stages in reverse, Cleavage furrow

30
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis

A

Ring of micro filaments pull apart cells

31
Q

What causes Cancer

A

Uncontrolled Cell division after mutation in gene that codes for cell reproduction proteins

32
Q

What are the Proto-onco genes

A

Genes that code for normal cell growth, Mutation = cancer

33
Q

What do the Tumor suppressor genes do

A

Slow down cell cycle or tell the cells to dies, Mutations = cancer

34
Q

What is prokaryotic cell division called

A

Binary fission

35
Q

What happens in sexual reproduction

A

2 haploid cells from parents fuse together to form 1 diploid

36
Q

What happens in Asexual repdroducion

A

offspring from single parents(clone

37
Q

What are the pros of Asexual reproduction

A

Do not need to waste time finding mates, less energy expended, faster, can produce many more offspring

38
Q

What are the cons of asexual reproduction

A

no genetic variation, Adaption difficult, evolve slower

39
Q

What are the types of Sexual reproduction

A

Diploid Dominant, Haploid Dominant, Alteration of generations

40
Q

What is diploid dominant sexual reproduction

A

Most of life as diploids ex humans

41
Q

What is Haploid dominant sexual reproduction

A

Most life as haploids ex fungi

42
Q

What is Alternation of generations sexual reproduction

A

Diploid->Haploid->Diploid … most plants

43
Q

What does Meiosis output

A

Cell division that results in 4 haploid cells(gametes)

44
Q

What performs Meiosis

A

Only performed by germ cells

45
Q

What are somatic cells

A

Any other cells that are not germ cells ex blood cells

46
Q

What are the 3 rounds in Meiosis

A

Round 1: DNA replication (chromosomes duplication)
Round 2: Meiosis 1
Round 3 Meiosis 2

47
Q

What happens in Meiosis 1 prophase 1

A

Homologous pairs line up next to each other then crossover -> recombines the 2 chromosomes.
1st source of genetic variation

48
Q

What happens in Meiosis 1 prometaphse 1

A

Micro tubules attach to the diploid chromosome

49
Q

What happens in Meiosis 1 metaphase 1

A

Independent assortment into middle of cells, 2nd source of genetic variation

50
Q

What happens in the 3 last stages of Meiosis 1

A

Same as Mitosis, Anaphase - pull apart, Telophase - undo organelle stuff, Cytokineses - 2 daughter cells

51
Q

What happens in meiosis 2

A

Both the daugher cells go through cell division again (basically mitosis)

52
Q

What mistakes can happen during cell division

A

Incorrect # of chromosomes, chromosomes structure rearranged

53
Q

What is a Karyotype

A

of chromosomes and apperance of chromosomes

54
Q

What is nondisjunction

A

Failed separation during meiosis -> chromosomes duplicated or lost

55
Q

What is Aneuploid

A

change in number of chromosomes

56
Q

What is Euploid

A

Correct number of chromosomes

57
Q

What is monosomy

A

lost chromosome -> inability to survive

58
Q

What is trisomy

A

gain chromosome -> Down Syndrome

59
Q

What is a Barr Body

A

In females the second X chromosome is shut down. The second X chromosome is always shut down.

60
Q

Klinefelter(XXY)

A

One is barr body, Can cause reduced body hair

61
Q

Triple X (XXX)

A

2 Barr bodies, Leads to Development delays and reduced fertilatity

62
Q

Chromosome rearragements

A

Duplication/deletion/inversion/translocation in replication leading to development/ physical changes

BIOSC-101 E2 (9 decks)

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