M5 Flashcards
Bioenergetics
Flow of energy through living system
Living system
need energy to build/break down molecules
Metabolism
chemcial reactions in cell
anabolic
small to large molecules energy required
catabolic
large to small molecules energy released
Metabolic pathway
Series of chemical reactions that take starting molecules to final product
Glucose
The primary energy source for many living things
Energy
Ability to do work or create change
Thermodynamics
study of energy and energy transfer
Open system
matter and energy transfer btwn surrounding
Closed system
only energy exchanged, not matter to surroudings
Scientific Laws
Describe what will happen in a situation, demonstrated mathematically
1st Law of Thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred or transmitted
Entropy
measure of randomness and disorder in a system, lowering energy requires energy
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, entropy is always increasing
Types of Energy
Kinetic, Potential, Activation, Free
Kinetic
Energy associated with an object in motion
Potential
energy associated with the potential to do work, chemical bonds have potential energy
Activation energy
Amount of initial energy required to start a reaction
Free energy
Energy available to do work, Delta G = change in true energy
Exergonic reaction
energy released, spontaneous
Endergonic reaction
energy required, not spontaneous,
ATP ( adenosine triphosphate)
energy-supplying molecules, adenosine-ribose-3 phosphate
Enzymes
molecules that catalyze reactions, lower activation energy needed, not used up in reactions, but not unlimited, Made by protein, Vary by cell type and cell function, vary over time, regulated via inhibitor molecules
substrate
reactants bonding with enzymes a the active site to enzymes
non-competitive/allosteric inhibitor
inhibitor bind at allosteric site which changes the active site
Allosteric actavators
Binds at allosteric site which activates enzymes by changing the active site
Cofactors
nonorganic ions
Coenzymes
organic molecules
Feedback inhibition
reaction product used to regulate it’s own further production
Cellular respiration(CR)
metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy (ATP)
What are the stages in cellular respiration(CR)
Glycolysis, Citric Acid cycle(Krebs cycle)
Glycolysis
Break down 1 glucose and 2 atp into 2 pyruvate and 4 atp
Citric Acid Cycle
produces intermeidate mats
What is the input and output for the pre-step
Input is pyruvate and output is Acetyl CoA, when moved into mitocondria
Input and outputs of Krebs cycle
inputs acetyl CoA, outputs CO2, ATP, Electrons
What is the third step in cellular respiration
Oxidative phosphorylation
Which step in CR is the main ATP producer
The third step: oxidative phosphorylation
What is the first stage of oxidative phosphorylation and its inputs and outputs
Electron transport chain, inputs, electron, outputs: H+
What is the second stage of oxidative phosphorylation, and its inputs and outputs
Chemiosmosis, Outputs: water and ATP
What is the final electron acceptor in Cellular Respiration
Oxygen
Fermentation
No oxygen, organic molecule used as final electron acceptor
Lactic Acid fermentation
Animals, Some bacteria and fungi
Alcohol fermentation
produces ethanol and CO2, plants, Bacteria, fungi
Anaerobic respiration
no oxy + inorganic molecule used as final electron acceptor
Methanogens
CO2-> methane to regenorate NADH. Domain: Archae
Sulfer reducers
reduce sulfate -> hydrogen sulfide to regenerate NAD+
Facultative anaerobic
Switch between fermation and aerobic
Obligate anaerobic
Oxygen is poison
