M5 Subtopic 1 Flashcards
The smallest unit of life that can function independently and perform all the necessary functions of life, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction
Often referred to as the “building blocks of life” because all living organisms are made up of it.
Cell
This type of cell has no nucleus
Prokaryotic Cell
This type of cell has a nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Cell Theory (3)
All Living Things are Composed of One or More Cells
The Cell is the Basic Unit of Structure and Organization in Organisms
All Cells Arise from Pre-existing Cells
An organism that has only one single cell, like most kinds of bacteria. Single cells manage all activities.
Unicellular
An organism composed of many different cells with different functions.
Multicellular
New cells are formed through a general process, where a parent cell divides to produce two or more daughter cells.
Cell Division
A process that results in two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell, crucial for growth and repair.
Mitosis
A specialized form of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells),reducing the chromosome number by half, ensuring genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms.
Meiosis
The Three Basic Cell Structure:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
the control center of the cell, often referred to as the “brain” of the cell.
Nucleus
This is where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and combined with proteins to form ribosomes.
Nucleolus
AKA plasma membrane, a selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Cell Membrance
The jelly-like substance within the cell that contains all the organelles, excluding the nucleus.
Also provides a medium where many of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur.
Cytoplasm
Powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate.
Mitochondria
Converts the energy stored in glucose and other nutrients into ATP through a process called cellular respiration.
Mitochondria
Programmed cell death, which is crucial for development and maintaining healthy tissues.
Apoptosis
A network of membranous tubules and sacs that lacks ribosomes on its surface, distinguishing it from its counterpart.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Helps in the detoxification of drugs and poisons in the liver.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Stores calcium ions, which are vital for muscle contraction and other cellular processes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
An extensive network of membranes studded with ribosomes, giving it a “rough” appearance
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
The ribosomes on this synthesize proteins, are then processed and modified within it.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Are the organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose
Chloroplast
Capture light energy and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose & oxygen.
Also store starch, which is a product of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
A rigid layer surrounding cell membrane, providing support & protection
Cell wall
Maintains cell shape, prevents excessive water intake, and protects against mechanical stress
Cell wall
Contains pores called plasmodesmata, allowing communication between cells
Cell wall
membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes.
Responsible for breaking down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign invaders, as well as organelles for recycling.
Lysosomes
small, membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell.
Vesicles
the process by which unspecialized cells (stem cells) develop into distinct cell types with specific structures and functions
Cell - Tissue - Organs - Systems
Cell Specialization (Differentiation)
Specialized for contraction, enabling movement. They contain numerous mitochondria to provide the energy required for contraction.
Muscle Cells (Myocytes)
Specialized for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body. They have long extensions called axons and dendrites to communicate with other neurons, muscles, and glands.
Nerve Cells (Neurons)
Specialized for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs.
They are uniquely shaped (biconcave) to maximize surface area for gas exchange and lack a nucleus to accommodate more hemoglobin
Red blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Form protective layers that cover body surfaces and line cavities.
Act as barriers to protect against pathogens and physical damage while also aiding in absorption and secretion.
Epithelial Cells
Name of the protective layers that cover body surfaces and line cavities
Epithelia
