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Earth Life Science > M2 Subtopic 1 > Flashcards

M2 Subtopic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Aggregates of one or more minerals

A

Rocks

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2
Q

Naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure

A

Minerals

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3
Q

Formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

A

Igneous Rocks

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4
Q

Coarse-grained, intrusive, composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica. Used in construction and monuments

A

Granite

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5
Q

Fine-grained, extrusive, primarily composed of plagioclase and pyroxene. Used in road base and construction

A

Basalt

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6
Q

Volcanic glass formed from rapid cooling of lava. Used in cutting tools and ornamental objects

A

Obsidian

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7
Q

Composed mainly of plagioclase feldspar and amphibole. Used as dimension stone and in construction

A

Diorite

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8
Q

Formed from the slow cooling of magma beneath the Earth’s surface

A

Intrusive Igneous Rocks (Plutonic Rocks)

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9
Q

Formed from the rapid cooling of lava on or near the Earth’s surface.

A

Extrusive Igneous Rocks (Volcanic Rocks)

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10
Q

Two examples of Intrusive Igneous Rocs

A

Granite
Diorite

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11
Q

Two examples of extrusive igneous rocks

A

Basalt
Obsidian

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12
Q

Large, visible crystals. Indicates slow cooling.

A

Coarse-grained

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13
Q

Small, invisible crystals. Indicates rapid cooling

A

Fine-grained

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14
Q

No crystals, very smooth. Indicates very rapid cooling

A

Glassy

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15
Q

High in silica, and light-colored minerals

A

Felsic

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16
Q

Low in silica, dark-colored minerals

A

Mafic

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17
Q

Between felsic and mafic

A

Intermediate

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18
Q

Very low in silica, very high in magnesium and iron

A

Ultramafic

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19
Q

Igneous rocks can host valuable mineral deposits, such as precious metals (gold, silver), base metals (copper, lead), and gemstones

A

Mining

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20
Q

Areas with extensive igneous activity, such as volcanic regions, can be geothermal energy sources, providing a renewable energy resources

A

Geothermal Energy

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21
Q

Formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments, which are particles derived from the weathering and erosion of existing rocks

A

Sedimentary Rocks

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22
Q

Enumerate the Formation Process of Sedimentary Rocks

A

Weathering
Erosion and Transport
Deposition
Compaction and Cementation

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23
Q

Enumerate the Types of Sedimentary Rocks

A

Clastic, Chemical, Organic

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24
Q

Rocks Formed from mechanical weathering debris.

A

Clastic Sedimentary

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25
Q

Composed of rounded gravel-sized particles

A

Conglomerate

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26
Q

Composed of sand-sized particles, often quartz

A

Sandstone

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27
Q

Composed of clay-sized particles, splits easily into thin layers

A

Shale

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28
Q

Formed from the precipitation of minerals from water

A

Chemical Sedimentary

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29
Q

Composed mainly of calcite, often from marine organisms

A

Limestone

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30
Q

Formed from the evaporation of saline water, known as rock salt

A

Halite

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31
Q

Formed from the evaporation of water containing dissolved sulfate and calcium

A

Gypsum

32
Q

Formed from the accumulation of plant or animal debris

A

Organic Sedimentary

33
Q

Formed from compressed plant material, primarily in swampy environments

A

Coal

34
Q

Composed of microscopic marine organisms (foraminifera), a form of limestone

A

Chalk

35
Q

Its grain size determines the classification

A

Clastic Texture

36
Q

Due to mineral precipitation, forms crystalline.

A

Chemical Texture

37
Q

Presence of organic material, such as plant fibers or shells.

A

Organic Texture

38
Q

Determined by the Types of Minerals and rock fragments

A

Clastic composition

39
Q

Determined by the minerals precipitated from the solution

A

Chemical Composition

40
Q

Determined by the types of organic materials present

A

Organic Composition

41
Q

Formed from the alteration of existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids

A

Metamorphic Rocks

42
Q

Formation Process of Metamorphic Rocks

A

Heat
Pressure
Chemically-Active Fluids

43
Q

Increases the temperature of the rock, causing minerals to recrystallize without melting

A

Heat

44
Q

Applies directed stress to the rock, leading to deformation and reorientation of minerals

A

Pressure

45
Q

Facilitate the exchange of ions, promoting new mineral growth and altering the rock’s composition

A

Chemically-Active Fluids

46
Q

Occurs when rocks are heated by nearby magma or lava. Typically affects a small area surrounding the heat source. Results in non-foliated rocks due to uniform pressure from heat

A

Contact Metamorphism

47
Q

Occurs over large areas due to tectonic forces that produce high pressure and temperature. Common in mountain-building regions. Results in foliated rocks due to directed pressure from tectonic forces.

A

Regional Metamorphism

48
Q

Two types of Metamorphic Rocks

A

Foliated and Non-foliated

49
Q

Formed under directed pressure, causing minerals to align in parallel layers or bands

A

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

50
Q

Formed under uniform pressure or from contact metamorphism, resulting in rocks without a layered texture

A

Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

51
Q

Examples of Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

A

Slate
Schist
Gneiss

52
Q

Examples of Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks

A

Marble
Anthracite
Quartzite

53
Q

Fine-grained, formed from shale, splits easily into thin sheets. Used in roofing and flooring

A

Slate

54
Q

Medium to coarse-grained, characterized by visible mineral grains aligned in parallel. Used as a decorative stone

A

Schist

55
Q

Coarse-grained, banded appearance, formed from high-grade metamorphism. Used in construction and as a decorative stone

A

Gneiss

56
Q

Formed from limestone, composed mainly of calcite. Used in sculpture and as a building material

A

Marble

57
Q

Formed from sandstone, composed mainly of quartz. Used in construction and as a decorative stone

A

Quartzite

58
Q

High-grade metamorphic form of coal, with a shiny appearance and high carbon content. Used as a high-quality fuel

A

Anthracite

59
Q

A continuous process of rock formation, alteration, and recycling through geological processes.

A

The Rock Cycle

60
Q

Recite the Rock Cycle.

A

Igneous to Sedimentary (Weathering/Erosion, Transportation/Deposition, Compaction/Cementation)
Sedimentary to Metamorphic (Burial and Metamorphism)
Metamorphic to Igneous
(Melting, Cooling and Solidification)

61
Q

Naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement

A

Minerals

62
Q

Enumerate the Characteristics of Minerals

A

Naturally-occuring
Inorganic
Solid
Definite Chemical Composition
Crystalline Structure

63
Q

Enumerate the Physical Properties of Minerals

A

Color, Streak, Luster, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture, Specific Gravity, Crystal Form

64
Q

The visible hue of the mineral, though not always a reliable identification property due to variations

A

Color

65
Q

The color of the mineral in powdered form, observed by rubbing the mineral on a streak plate

A

Streak

66
Q

The way a mineral reflects light (e.g., metallic, vitreous, pearly).

A

Luster

67
Q

Resistance to scratching, measured by the Mohs scale (1-10).

A

Hardness

68
Q

The tendency of a mineral to break along flat planes of weakness

A

Cleavage

69
Q

The pattern in which a mineral breaks (e.g., conchoidal, fibrous, uneven).

A

Fracture

70
Q

The density of the mineral relative to the density of water.

A

Specific Gravity

71
Q

The external shape of the mineral, reflecting its internal atomic structure

A

Crystal Form

72
Q

Special Properties Exhibited by Minerals

A

Odor, Taste, Attraction to Magnets, Fluorescence, Radioactivity, Reactivity

73
Q

The largest group of minerals contains silicon and oxygen

A

Silicates

74
Q

Include carbonates (e.g., calcite), oxides (e.g., hematite), sulfates (e.g., gypsum), halides (e.g., halite), and native elements (e.g., gold).

A

Non-Silicates

75
Q

Formation of Minerals

A

Crystallization from Magma
Precipitation
Changes in Pressure and Temperature
Biological Processes

Earth Life Science (10 decks)

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