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Earth Life Science > M2 Subtopic 2 > Flashcards

M2 Subtopic 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

External processes that occur on or near the Earth’s surface. They are driven by external forces such as solar energy and gravity

A

Exogenic Processes

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2
Q

Internal processes that originate within the Earth. They are driven by internal forces such as heat from the Earth’s interior and gravitational energy

A

Endogenic Process

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3
Q

The process by which rocks and minerals break down into smaller particles
through physical, chemical, and biological means

A

Weathering

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4
Q

Three Types of Weathering

A

Physical (Mechanical) Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Biological Weathering

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5
Q

Involves the breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition

A

Physical Weathering (Mechanical Weathering)

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6
Q

Water seeps into cracks, freezes, expands, and eventually breaks the rock apart. Common in cold climates

A

Freeze-Thaw (Frost Wedging)

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7
Q

Rocks expand when heated and contract when cooled. Repeated temperature changes can cause the rock to crack

A

Thermal Expansion

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8
Q

Rocks and particles scrape against each other, causing them to wear
down. Common in windy areas and riverbeds

A

Abrasion

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9
Q

Layers of rock peel off due to pressure release or thermal expansion

A

Exfoliation

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10
Q

Involves the chemical alteration of minerals within rocks, leading to their breakdown

A

Chemical Weathering

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11
Q

Water reacts with minerals to form new minerals and soluble salts. For example, feldspar in granite reacts with water to form clay minerals

A

Hydrolysis

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12
Q

Minerals react with oxygen, often leading to rust formation. Common in rocks containing iron.

A

Oxidation

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13
Q

Carbon dioxide dissolved in water forms carbonic acid, which reacts with minerals like limestone, causing them to dissolve

A

Carbonation

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14
Q

Minerals dissolved directly in water, such as halite (rock salt) dissolving in rainwater

A

Solution

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15
Q

Involves the breakdown of rocks by living organisms

A

Biological Weathering

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16
Q

Roots grow into cracks in rocks, exerting pressure and causing the rock to break apart

A

Plant Roots

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17
Q

These organisms produce acids that chemically weather the rock surface.

A

Lichens and Mosses

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18
Q

Burrowing animals and insects can physically break down rocks

A

Animal Activities

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19
Q

Importance of Weathering

A

Soil Formation
Landscape Shaping
Nutrient Cycling

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20
Q

The process by which natural forces move weathered rock and soil from one place to another

A

Erosion

21
Q

Enumerate the Four Agents of Erosion.

A

Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Glacial Erosion (Ice)
Gravitational Erosion

22
Q

Types of Water Erosion

A

Hydraulic Action
Abrasion
Solution
Forms v-shaped valleys

23
Q

Types of Wind Erosion

A

Deflation
Abrasion

24
Q

Types of Glacial (Ice) Erosion

A

Plucking, Abrasion
Forms u-shaped valleys

25
Q

Type of Gravitational Erosion

A

Mass Wasting

26
Q

The geological process by which sediments, soil, and rocks are added to a landform or landmass.
This occurs when the forces carrying the sediments (such as water, wind, or ice) lose their energy and can no longer transport the material, causing it to settle and accumulate

A

Deposition

27
Q

Process of Deposition

A

Decrease in Transporting Medium’s Energy
Sorting of Sediments
Deposition in Different Environments

28
Q

Heavier and larger particles settle first, followed by progressively finer sediments

A

Graded Bedding

29
Q

Layers of sediment are deposited at an angle to the horizontal, commonly found in environments like rivers and deserts

A

Cross-bedding

30
Q

Occurs in river and stream environments, forming features like deltas, alluvial fans, and floodplains

A

Fluvial Deposition

31
Q

Caused by the wind in the desert and coastal environments, forming sand dunes and loess deposits

A

Aeolian Deposition

32
Q

Results from the movement and melting of glaciers, forming moraines and outwash plains

A

Glacial Deposition

33
Q

Happens in oceanic environments, forming features like continental shelves and abyssal plains

A

Marine Deposition

34
Q

Formed by wind deposition in deserts and coastal areas, where sand accumulates in mounds or ridges

A

Sand Dunes

35
Q

Accumulations of dirt and rocks that have been pushed along by a glacier. When the glacier retreats, it leaves these deposits behind. Example

A

Moraines

36
Q

Fine, wind-blown sediments that accumulate and form extensive deposits, typically found in regions with glacial history

A

Loess Deposits

37
Q

Formed by wave action depositing sand and gravel along shorelines.

A

Beaches and Coastal Features

38
Q

Importance of Deposition

A

Landform Creation
Soil Fertility
Ecological Habitats
Human Settlement

39
Q

also known as mass movement, refers to the downslope movement of rock, soil, and debris under the direct influence of gravity.

A

Mass Wasting

40
Q

Types/Processes of Mass Wasting

A

Creep
Slide
Flow
Falls

41
Q

slow, gradual, and almost imperceptible movement of soil and rock downslope

A

Creep

42
Q

A sudden and rapid movement of a cohesive block of soil or rock along a defined plane of weakness.

A

Slide

43
Q

Movements along a flat or planar surface, such as a bedding plane or fault

A

Translational Slide

44
Q

Movement along a curved surface, causing the material to rotate backward.

A

Rotational Slide (Slump)

45
Q

Movement of rock, soil, and debris mixed with water, behaving like a fluid.

A

Flow

45
Q

Types of Flows

A

Earthflows, Mudflows, Debris Flows

46
Q

Free-fall of rock or debris from a steep cliff or slope

A

Falls

47
Q

Factors Influencing Mass Wasting

A

Slope Angle
Material Composition
Water Content
Vegetation
Human Activities

Earth Life Science (10 decks)

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