M2 Chpt 2: Nutrition Screening and Assessment Flashcards
1
Q
Community Assessment
A
The process of critically thinking about a community by getting to know and understand them as a client
2
Q
Community Nutrition Assessment
A
Evaluates the nutritional status of individuals/populations through measurement of food & nutrient intake & evaluation of nutrition-related indicators
3
Q
Information gathered in community health assessment includes
A
- Statistical community profiles
- Qualitative data on experiences of community/population
- Local resources & assets
4
Q
Nutrition assessment of the community
A
- Anthropometric measurements
- Biochemical
- Clinical
- Dietary intake data
- Epidemiological information
5
Q
What are nutrition indicators?
A
Nutritional variables that are used to screen, diagnose, and evaluate interventions
6
Q
What can nutrition indicators be used for?
A
- To make comparisons & describe trends over time
- Identify populations at risk
- Target allocation
- Monitor progress in achieving goals
- Evaluate the impact of interventions
7
Q
A community nutrition assessment needs to:
A
- Identify the health of individuals w/in the community
- Identify the health of the community itself
- Determine the characteristics, resources, & needs of the community
- Work with community members on issues that arise
- Address individual’s behaviors & applicable environmental variables
8
Q
Program Planning
A
A multistep process that starts with identifying the nutrition and health issue and develop an evaluation plan
9
Q
Steps of program planning are
A
- Identify primary health issues in your community
- Develop measurable procedure and outcome objectives to assess progress
- Select effective interventions
- Implement selected interventions
- Evaluate selected interventions based on objectives & use this information to improve program
10
Q
Steps to identify a target population
A
- Assessing the scale of food & nutrition problems and their causes
- Identifying the populations most at nutritional risk
- Generating problems list and prioritizing situations according to the severity of the problems, populations affected, and availability of resources
11
Q
The food eating pattern model (part of NHANES) is useful for:
A
- Examining the association between food consumption and incidence of disease
- Establishing food regulatory policies
- Setting national dietary goals
- Educating the public on nutrition and health issues
12
Q
5 Methods of performing a community needs assessment
A
- Existing Data Approach
- Survey Approach
- Key Informant Approach
- Community Forum
- Focus Group Interview
13
Q
Advantages of the existing data approach
A
- Data are available, inexpensive, & faster
- Can benefit from research of top experts in the field -> high-quality data
- Able to use samples from large populations
14
Q
Disadvantages of the existing data approach
A
- Must relate data to a certain community’s nutrition issues
- May be difficult to find data for a minority subgroup (data from national populations)
- Potential to manipulate data which could lessen the validity & reliability
- Could use large samples & difficult statistical packages
15
Q
Advantages of the survey approach
A
- Entire population could be surveyed
- Gives opportunity for people to feel involved in the decision-making process
- Works well in combination w/ other systematic needs assessment techniques
16
Q
Disadvantages of the survey approach
A
- May be expensive
- Requires a lot of time and expertise to develop the survey, train staff, conduct interviews, and analyze/interpret the results
17
Q
Advantages of the community forum approach
A
- Allows input from many individuals w/ different perspectives/needs
- Gives opportunity everyone in community to participate
- In-depth info can be collected
- Can be combined w/ other techniques
18
Q
Disadvantages of the community forum approach
A
- Information could be limited to those who participate
- Only those who are more vocal will be heard if the forum is not well conducted
- May generate more questions than answers
19
Q
Advantages of the focus group interview approach
A
- Can be used to expand data from surveys/existing data
- Data can be used to create future surveys
- Gives opportunity to clarify ideas
- Stimulates critical thinking
20
Q
Disadvantages of the focus group interview approach
A
- Does not give everyone in the community a chance to give ideas
- Must be combined w/ another technique - may not be enough data to get a complete picture of the issues
21
Q
9 Steps for Performing an Assessment (Developed by WHO)
A
- Decide when to conduct it, set up a committee to motivate the community to participate, develop a plan of action (DCD)
- List important issues/needs of the community and decide what data is needed to address them
- Determine target population & method of data collection
- Find & train assessment team, develop and pretest the questionnaire, & randomly select group to take it
- Collect data
- Analyze data
- Interpret results - identify priority needs, intervention strategies, and resources
- Present the results to stakeholders
22
Q
The purpose of an assessment (3 purposes)
A
- Determine individual’s dietary adequacy & dietary patterns & to educate individual
- Research studies that determine the health of individuals & populations
- Identifying national health priorities, at risk populations, and determining the success of public health interventions
23
Q
Reliability
A
Consistency/repeatability of test results
24
Q
Validity
A
The ability of a test instrument to measure accurately what it is supposed to measure
25
Theoretical perspectives of reliability and validity include
Cognitive & situational
26
Cognitive Perspective
Focuses on the mental processes associated with validity problems, with inaccuracies originating from comprehension, recall, and other operations
27
Situational Perspective
Focuses on validity problems related to social desirability and interviewing conditions of others while responding to questions, respondents’ perceptions of the level of privacy/confidentiality
28
Sensitivity Test
- Correctly identifies & classifies individuals within the population who are malnourished as confirmed by a test
- True = positive
- High sensitivity = few false negatives
29
Specificity Test
- Correctly identifies individuals who are not malnourished within a population
- True = negative
- High specificity = few false negatives
30
ABCDs of Nutrition Assessment
- Anthropometric measures
- Biochemical tests
- Clinical and physical observations
- Dietary intake
31
Anthropometric Measures
- Measure growth in children
| - Shows changes in weight - can reflect disease and monitor progress in fat loss
32
Biochemical Tests
Measure blood, urine, or feces for nutrients or metabolites that indicate deficiencies, infection, or disease
33
Clinical & Physical Observations
Assesses change in skin color, health, hair texture, fingernail shape, eyes, etc
34
Dietary Intake
Evaluates diet for nutrient intake, food eaten, and eating patterns
35
The 4 ways to gather data on dietary intake
- Diet history
- Food frequency questionnaire
- Food records
- 24-hour recall
36
Diet History
Any dietary assessment that asks clients about their past diet
37
Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)
Asks how often the client consumed specific foods/groups of foods for a specific period of time
38
Food Records
Client provides detailed information about daily eating habits
39
24-hour Recall
Client provides all foods and drinks they have consumed over the last 24 hours
40
How does the USDA estimate the total amount of food consumed annually by the US civilian population?
Using a food balance sheet approach to estimate
41
Measuring Food Consumption at the National Level
- Compares available food supply among countries and to monitor trends over time w/in an individual country -> based on food balance sheets
- Not exact – it estimates food available for purchase
42
Food Consumption at the Household Level
The total amount of food available for consumption in the household
43
Food Consumption at the Individual Level
- Food consumption at the individual level – reveals food consumed and provides over 25 nutrient intakes
- Total energy, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, carotenes, calcium, iron, folate, and sodium
44
The 5 Major Categories of Mapping Tools in the Community Assessment
- Nutrient intakes
- Healthy eating patterns
- Physical activity & body weight indicators
- Food security indicators
- Demographics
