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Community Interventions for Healthy Life > M2 Chpt 2: Nutrition Screening and Assessment > Flashcards

M2 Chpt 2: Nutrition Screening and Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Community Assessment

A

The process of critically thinking about a community by getting to know and understand them as a client

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2
Q

Community Nutrition Assessment

A

Evaluates the nutritional status of individuals/populations through measurement of food & nutrient intake & evaluation of nutrition-related indicators

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3
Q

Information gathered in community health assessment includes

A
  • Statistical community profiles
  • Qualitative data on experiences of community/population
  • Local resources & assets
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4
Q

Nutrition assessment of the community

A
  • Anthropometric measurements
  • Biochemical
  • Clinical
  • Dietary intake data
  • Epidemiological information
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5
Q

What are nutrition indicators?

A

Nutritional variables that are used to screen, diagnose, and evaluate interventions

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6
Q

What can nutrition indicators be used for?

A
  • To make comparisons & describe trends over time
  • Identify populations at risk
  • Target allocation
  • Monitor progress in achieving goals
  • Evaluate the impact of interventions
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7
Q

A community nutrition assessment needs to:

A
  • Identify the health of individuals w/in the community
  • Identify the health of the community itself
  • Determine the characteristics, resources, & needs of the community
  • Work with community members on issues that arise
  • Address individual’s behaviors & applicable environmental variables
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8
Q

Program Planning

A

A multistep process that starts with identifying the nutrition and health issue and develop an evaluation plan

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9
Q

Steps of program planning are

A
  • Identify primary health issues in your community
  • Develop measurable procedure and outcome objectives to assess progress
  • Select effective interventions
  • Implement selected interventions
  • Evaluate selected interventions based on objectives & use this information to improve program
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10
Q

Steps to identify a target population

A
  • Assessing the scale of food & nutrition problems and their causes
  • Identifying the populations most at nutritional risk
  • Generating problems list and prioritizing situations according to the severity of the problems, populations affected, and availability of resources
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11
Q

The food eating pattern model (part of NHANES) is useful for:

A
  • Examining the association between food consumption and incidence of disease
  • Establishing food regulatory policies
  • Setting national dietary goals
  • Educating the public on nutrition and health issues
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12
Q

5 Methods of performing a community needs assessment

A
  • Existing Data Approach
  • Survey Approach
  • Key Informant Approach
  • Community Forum
  • Focus Group Interview
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13
Q

Advantages of the existing data approach

A
  • Data are available, inexpensive, & faster
  • Can benefit from research of top experts in the field -> high-quality data
  • Able to use samples from large populations
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14
Q

Disadvantages of the existing data approach

A
  • Must relate data to a certain community’s nutrition issues
  • May be difficult to find data for a minority subgroup (data from national populations)
  • Potential to manipulate data which could lessen the validity & reliability
  • Could use large samples & difficult statistical packages
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15
Q

Advantages of the survey approach

A
  • Entire population could be surveyed
  • Gives opportunity for people to feel involved in the decision-making process
  • Works well in combination w/ other systematic needs assessment techniques
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16
Q

Disadvantages of the survey approach

A
  • May be expensive
  • Requires a lot of time and expertise to develop the survey, train staff, conduct interviews, and analyze/interpret the results
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17
Q

Advantages of the community forum approach

A
  • Allows input from many individuals w/ different perspectives/needs
  • Gives opportunity everyone in community to participate
  • In-depth info can be collected
  • Can be combined w/ other techniques
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18
Q

Disadvantages of the community forum approach

A
  • Information could be limited to those who participate
  • Only those who are more vocal will be heard if the forum is not well conducted
  • May generate more questions than answers
19
Q

Advantages of the focus group interview approach

A
  • Can be used to expand data from surveys/existing data
  • Data can be used to create future surveys
  • Gives opportunity to clarify ideas
  • Stimulates critical thinking
20
Q

Disadvantages of the focus group interview approach

A
  • Does not give everyone in the community a chance to give ideas
  • Must be combined w/ another technique - may not be enough data to get a complete picture of the issues
21
Q

9 Steps for Performing an Assessment (Developed by WHO)

A
  • Decide when to conduct it, set up a committee to motivate the community to participate, develop a plan of action (DCD)
  • List important issues/needs of the community and decide what data is needed to address them
  • Determine target population & method of data collection
  • Find & train assessment team, develop and pretest the questionnaire, & randomly select group to take it
  • Collect data
  • Analyze data
  • Interpret results - identify priority needs, intervention strategies, and resources
  • Present the results to stakeholders
22
Q

The purpose of an assessment (3 purposes)

A
  • Determine individual’s dietary adequacy & dietary patterns & to educate individual
  • Research studies that determine the health of individuals & populations
  • Identifying national health priorities, at risk populations, and determining the success of public health interventions
23
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency/repeatability of test results

24
Q

Validity

A

The ability of a test instrument to measure accurately what it is supposed to measure

25
Q

Theoretical perspectives of reliability and validity include

A

Cognitive & situational

26
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Focuses on the mental processes associated with validity problems, with inaccuracies originating from comprehension, recall, and other operations

27
Q

Situational Perspective

A

Focuses on validity problems related to social desirability and interviewing conditions of others while responding to questions, respondents’ perceptions of the level of privacy/confidentiality

28
Q

Sensitivity Test

A
  • Correctly identifies & classifies individuals within the population who are malnourished as confirmed by a test
  • True = positive
  • High sensitivity = few false negatives
29
Q

Specificity Test

A
  • Correctly identifies individuals who are not malnourished within a population
  • True = negative
  • High specificity = few false negatives
30
Q

ABCDs of Nutrition Assessment

A
  • Anthropometric measures
  • Biochemical tests
  • Clinical and physical observations
  • Dietary intake
31
Q

Anthropometric Measures

A
  • Measure growth in children

- Shows changes in weight - can reflect disease and monitor progress in fat loss

32
Q

Biochemical Tests

A

Measure blood, urine, or feces for nutrients or metabolites that indicate deficiencies, infection, or disease

33
Q

Clinical & Physical Observations

A

Assesses change in skin color, health, hair texture, fingernail shape, eyes, etc

34
Q

Dietary Intake

A

Evaluates diet for nutrient intake, food eaten, and eating patterns

35
Q

The 4 ways to gather data on dietary intake

A
  • Diet history
  • Food frequency questionnaire
  • Food records
  • 24-hour recall
36
Q

Diet History

A

Any dietary assessment that asks clients about their past diet

37
Q

Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)

A

Asks how often the client consumed specific foods/groups of foods for a specific period of time

38
Q

Food Records

A

Client provides detailed information about daily eating habits

39
Q

24-hour Recall

A

Client provides all foods and drinks they have consumed over the last 24 hours

40
Q

How does the USDA estimate the total amount of food consumed annually by the US civilian population?

A

Using a food balance sheet approach to estimate

41
Q

Measuring Food Consumption at the National Level

A
  • Compares available food supply among countries and to monitor trends over time w/in an individual country -> based on food balance sheets
  • Not exact – it estimates food available for purchase
42
Q

Food Consumption at the Household Level

A

The total amount of food available for consumption in the household

43
Q

Food Consumption at the Individual Level

A
  • Food consumption at the individual level – reveals food consumed and provides over 25 nutrient intakes
  • Total energy, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, carotenes, calcium, iron, folate, and sodium
44
Q

The 5 Major Categories of Mapping Tools in the Community Assessment

A
  • Nutrient intakes
  • Healthy eating patterns
  • Physical activity & body weight indicators
  • Food security indicators
  • Demographics

Community Interventions for Healthy Life (13 decks)

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