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Microbiology > M1: Macromolecules > Flashcards

M1: Macromolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

macromolecule

A

complex molecule made up of smaller subunits

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2
Q

4 types of macromolecules

A
  1. proteins
  2. nucleic acids
  3. lipids
  4. carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
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3
Q

proteins overview

A
  • polymers of amino acids

- most abundant macromolecule

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4
Q

functions of proteins (3)

A
  • movement of materials into and out of cell
  • serve as enzymes
  • provide structure
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5
Q

amino acids, # essential amino acids

A

20, 9

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6
Q

largest protein

A

titin (has 33,000+ amino acids)

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7
Q

nucleic acids overview

A
  • chemical molecules that carry genetic info w/in cell

- 2 major types: RNA + DNA

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8
Q

DNA

A
  • aka deoxyribonucleic acid
  • responsible for inherited characteristics of organism
  • found in nucleus
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9
Q

RNA

A
  • aka ribonucleic acid
  • deciphers hereditary info from DNA & uses that info to make proteins
  • found in nucleus, can leave
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10
Q

nucleotides

A
  • building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

- made up of nitrogenous base + sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) + phosphate group

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11
Q

nitrogenous bases in DNA (4)

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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12
Q

nitrogenous bases in RNA (4)

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Urasil

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13
Q

purine bases (2)

A

A + G

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14
Q

pyramidine bases (2)

A

C + T/U

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15
Q

structural composition of DNA

A
  • nitrogenous bases protrude outward
  • 2 strands form double helix
  • nitrogenous bases of each strand form hydrogen bonds to hold the 2 strands together
  • A bonds with T, G bonds with C
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16
Q

structural composition of RNA

A
  • single stranded
  • sugar = ribose
  • A bonds with U (not T)
17
Q

lipids overview

A
  • mainly made up of hydrophobic hydrocarbons

- typically form lipid bilayer, where hydrophobic tails point inward and hydrophilic heads point outward

18
Q

lipids function

A

form foundation of plasma membrane (lipid bilayer)

19
Q

plasma membrane functions (2)

A
  • makes a barrier separating inside of cell from outside environment
  • restricts movement of materials in and out of cell
20
Q

carbohydrates overview

A
  • made up of C, H, and O
  • formula = (CH2O)n
  • 3 groups
21
Q

types of carbohydrates (3)

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. disaccharides
  3. polysaccharides
22
Q

monosaccharides (3)

A

single sugar units

  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
23
Q

disaccharides (3)

A

2 sugar units

  • sucrose (glucose + fructose)
  • maltose (glucose + glucose)
  • lactose (glucose + galactose)
24
Q

polysaccharides (2)

A

3+ sugar units

  • starch (found in plants)
  • glycogen (found in animals)

Microbiology (25 decks)

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