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I and I Midterm > Lymphocyte Development > Flashcards

Lymphocyte Development Flashcards

1
Q

Basic function of B cells

A

Antibody production

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2
Q

Immunogen are a subset of ______

A

Antigens

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3
Q

B cell receptors can directly bind to _____

A

Antigen

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4
Q

T cell receptors are ______ restricted

A

MHC

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5
Q

How/when do B cells and T cells get
-antigen specificity
-diversity
-self vs no self

A

During maturation of T and B cells

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6
Q

Where are B and T lymphocytes generated

A

Bone marrow

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7
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

Where to T lymphocytes mature

A

Thymus

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9
Q

Overview of lymphocyte maturation

A

1.commitment
2.proliferation
3.antigen receptor gene rearrangement/recombination
4.selection of lymphocytes
5.differentiation into functionally different phenotypes

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10
Q

Commitment needs ______

A

Cytokines

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11
Q

What step of lymphocyte maturation has specificity and diversity

A

Antigen receptor gene rearrangement/recombination

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12
Q

What drives commitment of progenitors toward T or B cell lineage

A

CYTOKINES

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13
Q

What cytokine is used to turn Hematopoeitic stem cell to common lymphoid progenitor

A

IL-7

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14
Q

What cytokine is used to turn B cell progenitor to B cell

A

IL-4

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15
Q

What cytokine is used to turn T cell progenitor to T cell

A

IL-2

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16
Q

When does proliferation occur

A

At different stages

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17
Q

Gene rearrangement known as

A

VDJ recombination

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18
Q

Diverse antigen receptors are generated and expressed ______ encounter with antigens

A

BEFORE

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19
Q

What’s responsible for diverse adaptive immune response

A

VDJ recombination

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20
Q

Explain VDJ

A

On germline there are multiple gene segments under V, D, and J

When the DNA rearranges it allows for lots of different arrangements of V, D, and J

Then it turns to mRNA

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21
Q

Junctions diversity is when

A

Bases are added and removed

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22
Q

Recombination activating gene (RAG) does what

A

It is needed for VDJ recombination

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23
Q

RAG genes are only expressed where

A

Developing B and T cells

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24
Q

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) function

A

Creates junctional diversity and increases overall diversity

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25
Q

What enzymes are needed for VDJ

A

RAG and TdT

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26
Q

What are the checkpoints of selection of lymphocytes

A
  1. Successful production of one of the polypeptide chains of two chain antigen receptor
  2. Assembly of the complete receptor
  3. Eliminate potentially harmful, self reactive lymphocytes
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27
Q

Describe positive selection

A

Makes sure we keep all the useful stuff

Specific lineage commitment occurs here

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28
Q

Describe negative selection

A

Get rid of or alter developing lymphocytes whose antigen receptors bind strongly to self antigens present in bone marrow and thymus

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29
Q

Stages of maturation names

A

Stem cell
Pro-lymphocyte
Pre-lymphocyte
Immature lymphocyte
Lymphocyte subsets
Mature lymphocyte

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30
Q

How many polypeptides formed in pre-lymphocyte

A

1

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31
Q

How many polypeptides formed at immature lymphocyte

A

2 total

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32
Q

If there is weak recognition of self antigens what happens

A

B and T cells still mature

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33
Q

What happens if central tolerance is skipped

A

There is peripheral tolerance

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34
Q

Basics of B lymphocyte development

A

1.committed progenitor
2.proliferation
3.rearrangement and expression of BCR genes
4.selection and proliferation of developing B cells at the preantigen receptor checkpoint
5.mature B cell

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35
Q

In B cells, the BCR ______ is important

A

Expression pattern

36
Q

Earliest B cell is

A

Pro B cell

37
Q

The pro B cell does not have a BCR, how do you know its a B cell

A

CD19 and CD10

38
Q

First polypeptide formed is the ____ chain

A

Heavy

39
Q

Second polypeptide formed is the ______ chain

A

Light

40
Q

Fab =

A

Variable region

41
Q

Fc

A

Constant region

42
Q

Why does Fab need variability

A

Cuz it’s binding to eat tons of different antigens

43
Q

Where does antibody Opsonization happen

A

Fc region

44
Q

Where does Fc portion bind and what does it do

A

Binds to Fc receptor on phagocyte and helps in Opsonization

45
Q

Each B cell carries a ______ type of BCR and makes a _____ type of antibody

A

Single

Single

46
Q

Heavy chain on a immature B cell is always

A

μ - IgM

47
Q

Where is Ig μ chain expressed

A

Pre B cell

48
Q

V=
D=
J=
C=

A

Variable
Diversity
Joining
Constant

49
Q

Light chains are

A

κ και λ

50
Q

Bruton tyrosine kinase is REQUIRED for

A

Delivery of signals from The receptor to mediate survival, proliferation and maturation at and beyond pre-B cell stage

51
Q

When is BTK utilized/required

A

At and beyond pre-B cell stage

52
Q

No BTK

A

B cell cant move forward

53
Q

μ is formed _____ the cell

A

Outside

54
Q

K και λ is formed ______ the cell

A

Inside/cytoplasm

55
Q

Once the rearrangement of the appropriate light chain occurs the entire BCR is expressed on the _______

A

Surface of immature B cell

56
Q

What presents different self antigens to test the immature B cells

A

Bone marrow

57
Q

If BCR binds to self antigens with high avidity what happens first

A

The immature B cells undergo receptor editing
gene rearrangement to make a different combination

58
Q

If BCR binds to self antigens with high avidity what happens second

A

Apoptosis

59
Q

Where do immature B cells complete the maturation

A

Spleen

60
Q

Final maturation of B cell involves CO expression of

A

IgD and IgM

61
Q

Why is weak binding to self antigen allowed to move through

A

Because its weak enough that it won’t produce a response but the fact that it binds at all means it can bind to an antigen (which is the whole goal)

62
Q

Double positive vs single positive

A

Double = expresses CD4 and CD8

Single = only expresses one, CD4 or CD8

63
Q

Developing T cells are called

A

Thymocyte

64
Q

Where in the thymus is double positive happening

A

Cortex of thymus

65
Q

Where is single positive happening

A

Medulla of thymus

66
Q

During development TCR is

A

Surface bound

67
Q

TCR are ALWAYS

A

Surface bound

68
Q

____ chain recombines first

A

β

69
Q

β is similar to

A

Heavy chain in BCR

70
Q

α is similar to

A

Light chain

71
Q

α chain has in germline DNA

A

VJC

72
Q

β chain has in germline DNA

A

VDJC

73
Q

β is expressed first at pre-TCR. Pre-TCR also has a signaling receptor _____

A

CD3

74
Q

Does Pre-T cell express CD4 or CD8

A

Neither

75
Q

What is the goal after double positive stage

A
  1. Only want to express CD8 or CD4 NOT both
  2. Do not want TCR to recognize self antigens
76
Q

Positive selection of T cells have _____ cells that ____

A

Cortical epithelial cells

Display variety of self-peptides bound to class I and class II MHC

77
Q

Key point in positive selection of T cells

A

If TCR bind WEAKLY to self peptide, MHC complex are allowed to survive

78
Q

What happens if thymocytes do not recognize self MHC

A

Apoptosis

79
Q

Negative selection in T cells

A

MHC complexes that bind strongly to self = death

80
Q

Thymocyte TCR weakly recognize peptides presented by MHC I become_____
By MHC II become _____

A

CD8

CD4

81
Q

Central tolerance in thymus is where

A

Reactivity to self antigens is tested

82
Q

Are self antigens from different tissues expressed in thymus

A

Yes

83
Q

What would happen if the antigen receptor gene rearrangement doesn’t occur

A

Would be no diversity in receptors

84
Q

What would happen if lymphocytes miss selection

A

Autoimmunity

85
Q

No CD3 means what

A

T cells would not move forward in maturation

I and I Midterm (19 decks)

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