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I and I Midterm > Bacteria Growth, Metabolism, Genetics > Flashcards

Bacteria Growth, Metabolism, Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Lag phase

A

Bacteria adapt to environment

Possibly turn on diff genes to take up diff nutrients

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2
Q

Exponential phase

A

Bac cell numbers skyrocket

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3
Q

Stationary phase

A

Metabolites = depleted

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4
Q

Decline

A

Cells die

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5
Q

What affects bac growth

A

Nutrient availability

Temp

pH

Oxygen concentration

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6
Q

How do bacteria look rough vs smooth

A

R = dry looking, no capsule

S = mucoid, capsule

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7
Q

Need nutrients on media to grow

A

Fastidious bacteria

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8
Q

Need O2

A

Ob aerobes

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9
Q

Dies/ cant grow with O2

A

Ob anaerobe

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10
Q

Can grow with or without O2

A

Facultative anaerobe

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11
Q

Don’t use O2 but don’t die with it

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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12
Q

Need low O2

A

Microaerophilic

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13
Q

Need higher temps

A

Ob thermophiles

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14
Q

Grow better hotter but can grow at colder

A

Facultative thermophiles

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15
Q

Halophiles load their cytoplasm with ____ so what doesn’t happen

A

KCL or organic compounds

Dehydration

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16
Q

What do siderophores do

A

Capture iron from environment for bac metabolism

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17
Q

Minimum requirements for metabolism growth

A

Carbon, nitrogen, energy source, ions, water

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18
Q

Lil energy vs lots of energy for bac

(Least to most)

A

Glycolysis (fermentation)

Anaerobic

Aerobic

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19
Q

Energy created in bac is for 3 things

A

Make atp from adp

Spin flagella

Transport molecules across membrane

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20
Q

___ does not require oxygen

A

Fermentation

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21
Q

Glycolysis can lead to ____ end product

A

Lactic acid

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22
Q

_____ of sugars produces ATP and NADH

A

Fermentation

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23
Q

fermentation end products can be used to ______

A

Classify bacteria

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24
Q

Needs O2 and more energy

A

Aerobic respiration

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25
Q

Anaerobic doesn’t need O2 but it needs something else and therefore ____

A

Less ATP is made

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26
Q

Generation time depends on

A

1 bacteria
2 enviornment

27
Q

Only gram __ make endospores

A

Positive

28
Q

____ are dormant structures formed in response to nutrient ______ and other stress

A

Endospores

Depletion

29
Q

Endospores can survive for

A

Years

30
Q

Endospores resume ______ when the environment is favorable

A

Vegetative state (germinates)

31
Q

Endospores have 2 ___ with ____ in between called ____

A

Membranes

Peptidoglycan layer

Cortex

32
Q

What forms around the cortex of endospores

A

Protein coat

33
Q

Clostridium botulinum vs bacillus anthracis

A

CB = spore on end like drumstick

BA = spore in middle of box like bacteria

34
Q

Prokaryotic genomes are ___loid

A

Haploid

35
Q

Multiple genes controlled by a single promoter

A

Operon

36
Q

Operons are _____

A

Efficient

37
Q

Polycistrionic genes

A

MRNA encodes for more than one protein at the same time

38
Q

_____ are genes encoding VF are often ______ and under control of ______ that can coordinate their ____

A

Pathogenicity islands

Clustered

A single promoter

Expression

39
Q

Describe quorum sensing

A

Lots of small molecules (high in concentration) will tell bacteria “hey there a lot of you so turn on the expression of genes”

The genes turned on are to benefit the colony as a whole

40
Q

Examples of quorum sensing bacteria

A

Pseudomonas - biofilm production

Staph aureus - biofilm production and toxin and more VF

41
Q

Changes in antigenicity of a molecule

A

Antigenic variation

Helps escape immune response

42
Q

Gene expression is turned on or off

A

Phase variation

43
Q

No longer need flagella, what variation happens

A

Phase

Turn off gene for flagella

44
Q

Genetic variations are in response to

A

Fast mutations

Getting DNA from other organisms

Biofilm enviornment

45
Q

___ sequences can affect gene expression because

A

Insertion

It can = loss of gene regulation and loss of protein function

46
Q

____ have there own insertion sequence

A

Transposons

47
Q

Core of _____ have genes that encode for antibiotic resistance and other VF

A

Transposons

48
Q

Replicate independently of chromosome

A

Plasmid

49
Q

_ plasmids encode for antibiotic resistance

A

R

50
Q

Plasmids can carry genes encoding _____ _____ or _____

A

Toxins
Adhesins
VF

51
Q

Non motile virus that infect bacteria

A

Baeriophage

52
Q

_____ contains the genome of a bacteriophage

A

Protein capsid

53
Q

Bacteriophage receptors bind ____ or ____

A

Specific species

Strains of bacteria

54
Q

Bacteriophage genome can be

A

DNA or RNA
Single or double stranded
Linear or circular

55
Q

Lytic vs Lysogenic

A

Lytic = dna circularizes, phages are made and explode from cell
LIT = look like little matches

Lysogenic = dna circularizes, dna becomes apart of bac dna, replicate and replicate, divide divide,
Gets stressed and enters Lytic cycle

56
Q

Conjugation

A

Bacteria sex

57
Q

Transduction

A

Phages!!

58
Q

Transformation

A

Bac next to each other and just absorb dna

59
Q

Which bacteria is naturally competent

A

H. Influ
Strep pneumonia
Bacillus
Helicobacter
Neisseria

60
Q

Conjugation is an important way to spread

A

Antibiotic resistance

61
Q

Stages of conjugation

A
  1. F+ and F-
  2. Connection forms
  3. F+ gets nicked and puts it’s leelee (single strand dna) in F-
  4. Leelee (ssDNA) is now replicated to dsDNA
  5. Result is F+ F+
62
Q

High frequency recombination explained

A

Same process as normal conjugation but bridge breaks before it finishes final f+ f+ product

So f- expresses the new genes.

63
Q

____ typing is another way to test for the presence of certain ______ phage

A

Phage

Lysogenic

I and I Midterm (19 decks)

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