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I and I Midterm > Gram Negative > Flashcards

Gram Negative Flashcards

1
Q

How does neisseria spread

A

Person to person

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2
Q

Does gonorrhea or meningitis have a capsule

A

M!

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3
Q

Diplococci
Oxidase positive
Catalase positive

A

Neisseria

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4
Q

Carbohydrate utilization test positive(turns yellow) used for _____ that _____ glucose

A

Neisseria
Oxidize

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5
Q

What Nei will grow on blood agar which wont

A

G = will not

M = will

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6
Q

VF or neisseria

A

Pili
Por proteins
Opa proteins
Iron acquiring proteins
LOS!
IgA protease!
β lactamase

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7
Q

LOS VF key points

A

Lipid A endotoxin
Stimulate TNFα release

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8
Q

People who have C5-C9 deficiencies are at risk of what

A

N. Meningitidis

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9
Q

LOS causes a _____ response. Triggering ______ and _____

A

Inflammatory

Complement

TNFα release

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10
Q

Waterhouse-friderschesen syndrome bacteria and associated complications

A

N. Meningitidis

DIC and shock, destruction of adrenal glands

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11
Q

Which serogroup is most virulent in N. Meningitidis

A

B

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12
Q

Serogroups of N. Menin. And which has a vax for it

A

A, B, C, Y and W135

All of them

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13
Q

How would you treat gonorrhea

A

Ceftriaxone + macrolide or doxycycline

Because the macrolide and doxycycline are treating chlymadia as well

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14
Q

Indication of gonorrhoeae

A

Purulent discharge from urethra or cervix
PID
Purulent Arthritis
Tenosynovitis
Pustular rash

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15
Q

What can cause Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

A

PID involving the liver

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16
Q

Diplococcus
Strict aerobe
Oxidase positive

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

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17
Q

What can moraxella cause

A

Sinusitis and otitis media in kids

Bronchitis and bronchopneumonia in elderly with COPD

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18
Q

What is moraxella similar to

A

Neisseria

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19
Q

Coccobacilli bacteria

A

Haemophilus

Bordetella pertussis

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20
Q

What does agar does Haemopholis need and what is added to it

A

Chocolate agar

Factor X “hemoTEN”

And

Factor V - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
“Nickel = 5”

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21
Q

What is the spleen good at

A

Removing capsulated organisms

SHiNE SKiS

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzas type B
Neisseria Meningitidis
Escherichia Coli
Salmonella
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Group B Streptococci

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22
Q

Facultative anaerobe
Gram negative coccobacilli

A

Haemophilus

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23
Q

No pathogenic H. Influenza is

A

Non encapsulated

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24
Q

Non encapsulated vs encapsulated Haemophilus

A

E = more pathogenic
H. Influen

Non = less pathogenic

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25
Q

H. Influ VF

A

IgA proteases
Type B
Polyribitol phosphate capsule

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26
Q

What vax is given for h. Influ type b

A

Hib Vaccine

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27
Q

What can H. Influ cause in adults

A

Bronchopneumonia in elderly with COPD

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28
Q

Other Haemophilus diseases

A

H. Ducreyi

And

H. Aegyptius

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29
Q

Etiologies agent of chancroid

A

H. Ducreyi

STI that = sores on genitals

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30
Q

Purulent conjunctivitis aka Koch-Weeks bacillus

A

H. Aegyptius

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31
Q

Gram negative
Coccobacillus
Strict aerobe
Non motile
Encapsulated

A

Bordetella pertussis

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32
Q

DTaP

A

Diphtheria
Tetanus
Acellular Pertusis

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33
Q

How is Bordetella pertussis transmitted

A

Human to human —->aerosols

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34
Q

Bordet Genou or Regan-Lowe media

A

Bordetella Pertussis

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35
Q

Bacteria bind to ciliated epithelial cells in resp tract

A

Pertussis

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36
Q

Bordetella VF

A

Filamentous hemagglutinin
Tracheal cytotoxic
Demonecrotic toxin
Adenlyate cyclase toxin
Pertussis toxin

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37
Q

2 domains of AC toxin

A

Adenylate cyclase activity

And

Pore forming activity

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38
Q

AC toxin

A

Increases cAMP and disrupts cell signaling

This = modulation of immune response

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39
Q

Which toxin of Bordetella is the most important and what does it do

A

Pertussis toxin

It ribosylates G protein that controls AC activity

It inactivates the inhibitory G protein so AC activity is increased

This causes and increase in cAMP and lots of mucus secretion

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40
Q

Inhibiting G protein causes

A

Increase in AC

Disrupts chemokine signaling paths
this increases leukocytosis

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41
Q

Stages of pertussis

A

Incubation
Catarrhal
Paroxysmal
Convalescent

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42
Q

What happens in incubation stage

A

Nothing

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43
Q

What happens in catarrhal stage

A

1-2 wks

Stuffy nose
Malaise
Fever
Sneezing
Anorexia

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44
Q

What happens in paroxysmal stage

A

2-4 wks

Lots of coughing with WHOOPS
Vomiting
Increased WBC

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45
Q

What happens in convalescent stage

A

3-4 wks

Weakened whoop cough
Pneumonia
Seizures
Encephalopathy

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46
Q

VAX for less than 7 and for older than 7

A

<7 = DTaP

> 7 = Tdap

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47
Q

Always given to prego women

A

Pertussis vax Tdap

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48
Q

Comma-shaped
Gram negative
Motile
Ox positive
Cat positive

A

Campylobacter

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49
Q

Microaerophilic and capnophilic

A

Campylobacter media conditions

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50
Q

Encapsulated; Expresses LOS instead of LPS

A

Campylobacter

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51
Q

Types of campylobacter and what they cause

A

Campylobacter jejuni - most common type, gastroenteritis

Campylobacter coli - less common type, gastroenteritis

Campylobacter fetus - intravascular and extra intentional infections

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52
Q

What toxins does jejuni have

A

Cytotoxin and enterotoxin

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53
Q

C. Fetus coated with heat ____, protein ____

A

Stable

S

54
Q

What does protein S do?

A

Inhibits C3B binding and prevents complement mediated killing

55
Q

Campylofetus can cause

A

Sepsis etc.

56
Q

Spiral gram negative rod

A

Helico pylori

57
Q

How would you treat helicobacter

A

proton pump inhibitor
Amoxicillin
Clarithromycin - macrolide

58
Q

Catalase positive
Urease positive
Oxidase positive
Microaerophilic

A

Helicobacter

59
Q

How is helicobacter transmitted

A

Fecal/oral transmission

60
Q

Helicobacter low endotoxin activity is due to

A

Lipid A in LPS

61
Q

VF of helicobacter

A

Flagella
Urease
Adhesions
Vacuolating cytotoxin
Pathogenicity island with type 4 secretion system, cytotoxin associated gene (CagA)

62
Q

What does Vac A do

A

Induce vacuoles
Induce apoptosis
Increase cell permeability

63
Q

What does CagA do

A

Recognizes actin and disrupts cellular junctional complexes

Triggers IL8 production (inflammation)

64
Q

What can helico cause

A

Gastritis
Peptic/duodenal ulcers
Gastric adenocarcinoma
MALT lymphoma

65
Q

Curved rods
Halophilic
Facultative anaerobes
Ox positive

A

Vibrio

66
Q

LPS of vibrio serogroups

A

O1

And

O39

67
Q

What kind of stuff do you add to agar for vibrio

A

Thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose
(TCBS)

68
Q

Fermentation of sucrose vs H2S
What bacteria

A

Sucrose - acid yellow
H2S - black

69
Q

vibrio cholera VF

A

Cholera toxin
Toxin co-regulated pills
Neuraminidase
Accessory cholera enterotoxin
Zona occuldens toxin

70
Q

Vibrio parahemolyticus VF

A

Thermos table direct hemolysin (TDH)
Or Kanazawa hemolysin
heat stable enterotoxin
triggers Cl- secretion

71
Q

Vibrio vulnificus VF

A

Polysaccharide capsule
Cytolysins, proteases, collagenase
tissue destruction

72
Q

What does the cholera toxin do

A

Triggers AC
Which increases cAMP
Which secretes a lot of water and electrolytes

73
Q

Why can nontoxigenic v. cholera cause watery diarrhea

A

Because of the accessory cholera enterotoxin and zonula occuldens toxin

74
Q

If you get cut by something in the ocean what can you get

A

V. Vulficifus

75
Q

Which is more lethal v. vulnificus or v. Parahaemolyticus, why

A

Vulnificus because it leads to septicemia

Severe if you have liver disease

76
Q

Ferment glucose and some ferment lactose

A

Enterobacteriaceae family

77
Q

Oxidase negative

A

Enterobacter family

78
Q

Catalase positive
Resistant to bile salts
Normal intestinal flora

A

Enterbacter family

79
Q

Agar for enterbacter fam

A

MacConkey agar

80
Q

Lactose fermenters

A

E. coli
Klebsiella

81
Q

Serological classification of enterobacter family

A

O antigen
H antigens
K antigens
O and H subtypes

82
Q

H antigen vs K antigen

A

H: flagella antigens

K: capsular antigen, specific to polysaccharides
Called Vi antigen in salmonella

83
Q

Type ____ secreation associated with enterobacter family

A

III

84
Q

Phase variation of antigens lets ____ happen

A

Genes turn on and off
Could help in evading immune response

85
Q

UPEC causes

A

UTI

86
Q

leading cause of gram negative sepsis and septic shock

A

E. coli

87
Q

K1 antigen causes

A

Neonatal meningitis

88
Q

Enterotoxins of E. coli

A

Heat Labile toxin

Heat stable toxin

Shiga like toxin

89
Q

HLT vs HST

A

LT = increase cAMP, Cl- secretion, fluid loss
think “LA”

HT = increase cGMP, fluid secretion
“SG”

90
Q

ETEC causes ____ in the _____

A

Watery diarrhea
Small intestine

91
Q

EHEC synonymous with _____

A

STEC

92
Q

STEC causes _____ in the _____

A

Bloody and watery diarrhea/colitis

Distal ileum, colon

93
Q

EIEC causes ____ in the _____

A

Bloody diarrhea, then dysentery

Colon

ITS INVASIVE

94
Q

EPEC causes _____ in the _____

A

Watery diarrhea

Small intestine

95
Q

EAggEC causes ____ in the ____

A

Watery diarrhea

Small intestine and/or colon

96
Q

HUS stands for and is from

A

Hemolytic uremic syndrome
bad kidneys
STEC

97
Q

Where would you see EIEC, EPEC and EAggEC

A

Developing countries

98
Q

Significant difference between salmonella and shigella

A

Shigella does not produce H2S therefore it turns green on agar

Salmonella produces H2S therefore it turns black

99
Q

How is shigella transmitted
Where is a common location

A

Fecal/oral
Daycares

100
Q

Species of shigella and an identifier

A

S. Sonnei - common in US
S. Flexneri - common in developing companies
S. Boydii - uncommon
S. Dysenteriea - mainly outside US

101
Q

Which bacteria escape phagolysosomes and then multiply in cytoplasm

A

Gram neg shigella
Gram pos listeria

102
Q

Explain Trojan horse of shigella

A

Watch sketchy to confirm

103
Q

Which species of shigella produces shiga toxin

A

S. Dysenteriae

104
Q

What toxin do all species of shigella produce

A

Enterotoxin

105
Q

Agar for salmonella

A

Hektoen agar

106
Q

How does salmonella get inside us

A

Invades M cells
Replicate inside endocytic vesicles
Transported through cells and released in the blood or lymph
Bac Chromosomes contain 2 pathogenicity islands

107
Q

When you hear pathogenicity islands think____

A

Evade immune response

And

Proteins mediate invasion of cells

108
Q

Basic differences in salmonella non typhoidal and typhoidal

A

NON = gastroenteritis
food borne
animals

Typhoidal = enteric fever
Human only
chronic infection of gall bladder
these people are carriers of typhoidal salmonella

109
Q

Nonmotile
Lactose fermenter

A

Klebsiella

110
Q

Polysaccharide capsule causes ____ in _____

A

Mucoid colonies

Klebsiella

111
Q

AAA tail

A

Alcoholics
Abscesses
Aspiration

112
Q

Klebsiella pneumonia produces

A

Thick bloody current jelly sputum

113
Q

Klebsiella granulomatisn causes

A

STI
Painless ulcers and inguinal lymphadenopathy

114
Q

What bacteria produce chest X-rays that could be confusing and look similar

A

Klebsiella and TB

115
Q

Produces H2S
Urease positive

A

Proteus

116
Q

Urease in proteus causes

A

UTI

117
Q

Urease production in proteus can cause

A

Struvite kidney stones
made of magnesium, ammonium, phosphate crystals

118
Q

Types of yersinia

A

Y. Pestis
Y. Enterocolitica
Y. Pseudotuberculosis

119
Q

Animals that pass pestis

A

Rats, squirrels, prairie dogs, rabbits
Fleas = messenger

120
Q

Animals etc. that pass enterocolitica

A

Pigs, rodents, livestock, rabbits
contaminated milk, pork, water

121
Q

Animals that pass pseudotuberculosis

A

Rodents, wild animals, game birds

122
Q

Pestis _____ gene encodes for a protein _____

A

Plasmid

Capsule

123
Q

Pestis ___ plasmid encodes for _____

A

2nd

Plasminogen activator protein

124
Q

What does a plasminogen activator protein do

A

Pestis

Degrades C3b and C5a
Degrades clots

125
Q

Obligate aerobe
Antibiotic resistance

A

Pseudomonasds

126
Q

Types of pseudomonad organisms

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Burkholderia cepacia
Caine to cater baumannii
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

127
Q

P. Aerug ____ capsule

A

Polysaccharide

128
Q

P. Aerug VF

A

Exotoxin A
Adhesins
flagella, pili, LPS, Latinate
Enzymes = tissue damage

129
Q

Burkholderia can cause

A

Chronic granulomatous disease
WBC = defective microbicidal activity

130
Q

Oxidase negative
Coccobacillus

A

Baumannii

131
Q

Maltophilia common in people who have been ___

A

On long term antibiotics

I and I Midterm (19 decks)

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