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Anatomy and Physiology - 300 > Lymphatic System 2 > Flashcards

Lymphatic System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

not present at birth
specific response to antigen

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2
Q

How is adaptive immunity acquired?

A

Exposure to antibodies
Receiving antibodies

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3
Q

What are the two types of active immunity?

A
    • Naturally acquired (natural exposure)
  • Artificially acquired (administrated)
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4
Q

What are two types of passive immunity

A

Naturally (transfer across placenta)
Artificaially (administration)

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5
Q

What are the 4 properties of adaptive immunity

A
  1. specificity
  2. Versatility
  3. Memory
  4. Tolerance
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6
Q

What is specificity?

adaptive immunity

A

T/B cells only have receptor for 1 antigen

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7
Q

What is versatility?

adaptive immunity

A

millions of lymphocytes, each sensitive to different antigen
lymphocyte divides when activated

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8
Q

What is memory?

adaptive immunity

A

Two groups of cells
1 attacks invaders
other remain inactive until later exposure (use memory cells)

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9
Q

What is tolerance?

adaptive immunity

A

immune response ignores “self” targets foreign cells/toxins

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10
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

T and B cells

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11
Q

What are the types of B cells

A

Plasma cells: create antibodies
Memory B cells

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12
Q

What are types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8): kill infected cells
Helper T cells (CD4): activate immune cells
Regulatory
Memory

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13
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Cytotoxic T cells directly attack cells

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14
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity

A

B cells turn into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

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15
Q

What is cell mediated immunity effective against?

A

intracellular pathogens, cancer, foreign tissue

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16
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity effective against?

A

Extracellular pathogens

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17
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any substance that causes body to make immune response against it

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18
Q

What is the part of an antigen that interacts with T cells called?

A

Epitope

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19
Q

What are the 2 important characteristics of antigens

A

Antigenicity -
Immunogenicity -

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20
Q

What is Antigenicity?

characteristics of antigens

A

ability to combine w/ immune cells or antibody

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21
Q

What is Immunogenicity

characteristics of antigens

A

stimulate prod of specific antibodies

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22
Q

What are haptens

A

Have antigenicity but lack immunogenicity

Stimulate response if attached to larger carrier molecules

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23
Q

Example of hapten

A

poison ivy

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24
Q

Routes of antigen entry

A
  1. via blood to spleen
  2. via skin vessels to lymph nodes
  3. mucus membranes to MALT
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25
Q

What is clonal selection?

triggering immune response

A

lymphocytes divide and differentiate in response to specific antigen

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26
Q

Lymphocytes that undergo clonal selection create what cell types?

A

Effector cells - carry out immune response
Memory cells - do not participate at first, create fast response in future

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27
Q

Placement of antigen-glycoprotein combination on plasma membrane is called?

A

antigen presentation

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28
Q

were are class 1 MHC protein located? what are they triggered by?

A

Present in all nucleated cells
triggered by viral/bacterial infection

intracelluar/endogenous

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29
Q

What is a class 2 MHC protein

A

Present only in antigen-presenting cells
Appear when cell is processing antigens

extracellular/exogenous

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30
Q

What are cytokines?

A
    • Stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions, such as cell growth and differentiation
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31
Q

How are CD8 T cells activated?

A
  1. Antigen recognition
  2. costimulation
  3. Activation and Cell division
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32
Q

How Antigen recognition works?

A
    • CD8 T cell encounters specific antigen bound to class I MHC protein on another cell
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33
Q

What is costimulation

A

Physical/chemical stimulation of T cell and class I MHC molecule

Prevents T cells from mistakenly attacking normal cells

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34
Q

What is anergy?

A

Recognition without costimulation leading to prolonged inactivity

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35
Q

Which 3 types of cells are produced during activation and cell division?

Activating cell-mediated immunity

A

Cytotoxic t cells
Memory t cells
Regulatory t cells

36
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells able to do?

Cell mediated immunity

A

Leave secondary lymphatic organ to hunt down victims

37
Q

How are CD4 T cells activated

A
    • Exposure to antigens with class II MHC proteins
      costimulation completes activation
38
Q

What happens after CD4 T cell are activated

A

Divisons into helper T cells and memory T cells

39
Q

What do active helper T cells secrete?

A

Cytokines

40
Q

What is B-cell sensitization?

A

Preparation for activation

41
Q

How B-cell sensitization works

A
    • Antigens brought into cell through endocytosis and placed on surface of cell to class II MHC proteins
42
Q

How B cell activation works

A

Activated helper T cell must bind to MHC complex of sensitized b cell

43
Q

What types of cells are created by divisions of B cells?

stimulated by cytokines

A

Memory B cells - inactive until second exposure
Plasma Cells - can secrete 100 million antibodies per hour

44
Q

Cytotoxic T cells leave lymphatic tissue to seek out foreign antigens. Can B cells do the same?

A

No, they stay in lymphatic tissue

45
Q

What are antibodies?

A
    • Small soluble proteins that bind to specific antigens - abundance increases upon later exposure
46
Q

Antibody molecule structure

A

Two polypeptide chains
1 heavy pair
1 light par

47
Q

What does each polypeptide chain consist of?

Antibody molecules

A

Constant segments (base)
Variable segments (antigen binding sites)

48
Q

IgG antibody?

A

Most numerous
Only one that can cross placenta
Virus, bacteria protection

49
Q

IgE antibody

A

Least common
allergic, parasitic, hypersensitivity

50
Q

IgD

A

B-cell sensitization

51
Q

IgM

A

First secreted after infection - fastest
Indicates recent infection

52
Q

IgA

A

In glandular secretions
Attack before pathogens get internal access

53
Q

what is Antigen-antibody complex

A

Specific antibody molecule binds to its corresponding antigen molecule

54
Q

What are antigenetic determinant sites or epitope on an antigen

A

Where antibodies bind to the antigen

55
Q

Naturalization

Methods of eliminating antibodies

A

Antibodies occupy sites on virus, preventing from attacking body cells

56
Q

Prevention of pathogen adhesion

Methods of eliminating antigens

A

IgA bodies cover bacteria, preventing adhesion

57
Q

Activation of complement

Methods of eliminating antigens

A

Complement also binds to antibody, accelerating cascade

58
Q

Stimulation of inflammation

Methods of eliminating antigens

A

Basophils and mast cells release chemicals

59
Q

Attraction of phagocytes

Methods of eliminating antigens

A

Antibodies attract eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages

60
Q

Opsonization

Methods of eliminating antigens

A

Phagocytes are able to bind more easily from antibody coating

61
Q

Precipitation and agglutination

Methods of eliminating antigens

A

Antibodies can bind on adjacent antigens

62
Q

What is immune complex

Precipitation and agglutination

Methods of eliminating antigens

A

Linking of multiple pathogens to antibodies

63
Q

Precipitation

Precipitation and agglutination

Methods of eliminating antigens

A

Formation of insoluble complexes

64
Q

Agglutination

Precipitation and agglutination

Methods of eliminating antigens

A

Formation of an immune complex by surface antigens

65
Q

What is primary response

Immunological Memory

A

Response to initial antigen exposure
Takes time to develop

66
Q

Antibody titer

Immunological memory

primary response

A

antibody levels in blood

peak after 1-2 weeks

67
Q

Secondary response

Immunological memory

A

Triggered when antigen encountered again
more extensive/longer lasting than primary resonse

68
Q

Inactivated vaccines

types of vaccines

A

killed whole pathogen

69
Q

live-attenuated vaccines

types of vaccines

A

weakened pathogen can no longer replicate

70
Q

subunit, recombinant, polysaccaride, and conjugate vaccines

types of vaccines

A

specific portion of antigen

71
Q

mRNA

types of vaccines

A

genetic material coded for specific pathogen antigen

72
Q

Type 1 allergic reaction

A

Anaphylactic - m/c
hypersensitivity due to re-exposure

73
Q

Type 2 allergic reaction

A

Cytotoxic - antibodies directed against antigens on blood or tissue cells

74
Q

Type 3 allergic reaction

A

Immune-complex
Ag/Ab complexes escape phagocytosis lead to inflammation

75
Q

Type 4 allergic reaction

A

cell-mediated
delayed hypersensitivity
12-72 hrs post exposure

76
Q

Cause of aids

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

virus binds to CD4 proteins

77
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

unknown cause
affects many tissues

78
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Body prod. antibodies that recognize joints as foregin and attack them

79
Q

boutonniere deformity

A

middle finger bent towards palm
outer finger bent opposite

80
Q

swan neck deformity

A

base of finger and outmost joint bent
middle joint straight

81
Q

hitchhikers thumb

A

thumb flexes and and hyperextends

82
Q

Claw toe deformity

A

toes bent either upwards from proximal joints and downwards at middle joints

83
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

body prod. antibodies that see neuromuscular junction as foreign

84
Q

Hodgekins lymphoma

A

painless, non tender enlargement of one or more lymph nodes in neck

85
Q

Non hodgekins lymphoma

A

more common/more fatal

Anatomy and Physiology - 300 (14 decks)

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