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Anatomy and Physiology - 300 > Heart lecture 3 > Flashcards

Heart lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Period between start of heartbeat and the next

A

Cardiac cycle

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2
Q

Phases of cardiac cycle step 1

A

Cycle begins, everything relaxed (diastole)

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3
Q

atrial systole

A

Atrial systole, atria contracts, fills ventricles

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4
Q

How atrial systole works?

A

SA node fires, atriums contract

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5
Q

End of atrial systole/ventricular diastole measurement

A

End diastolic volume (EDV)

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6
Q

Phases of cardiac cycle step 3: Atrial diastole

A

atria relax, signal continue thru heart

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7
Q

Phases of cardiac cycle step 4/5:

A

Ventricular systole (2phases)

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8
Q

Ventricular systole phase 1

A

Ventricular contraction - prior to semilunar valves

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9
Q

Contraction with no volume change

A

Isovolumetric contraction

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10
Q

Ventricular systole phase 2

A

Ventricular ejection - semilunar valves open, blood leaves

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11
Q

Pressure needed to open semilunar valves

A

LV: >80mmHg
RV: >20mmHg

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12
Q

Remaining volume in each ventricle after systole

A

End systolic volume

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13
Q

Phases of Cardiac cycle step 6: Ventricular diastole

A

Ventricular diastole - ventricles relax, pressure drops, valve closing

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14
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

valves closed, blood passively fill atria

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15
Q

Phases of cardiac cycle step 8: late ventricular diastole

A

Ventricular diastole- late - chambers relaxed - ventricles passively fill ~70%

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16
Q

Ventricular diastole how long?

A

400msec

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17
Q

State of ventricles and atria during ventricular diastole

A

Relaxed

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18
Q

pressure aortic valve closes

A

100mmHg

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19
Q

What happens when ventricular pressure drop below atrial

A

AV valves open

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20
Q

How does aortic valve open

A

Pressure changes in aorta

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21
Q

aortic valve closing causes what?

A

short pressure rise

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22
Q

What is dicrotic notch

A

Valley in pressure tracing by short pressure rise

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23
Q

What is the process of listening to body sounds? What tool used for it

A

Auscultation

Stethoscope

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24
Q

How heart sounds produced

A

blood turbulance from closing valves

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25
Q

Heart sounds s1 , s2 , s3, s4

A

S1 - av valve close, start contraction
s2 - semilunar valves close
s3 - very feint
s4 - pathologic

26
Q

Abnormal heart sound name

A

Heart murmurs

27
Q

What could heart murmurs indicate

A

valve insufficiency

28
Q

What’s cardiac output

A

total blood ejected from left ventricle per min

29
Q

Cardiac output (CO) formula

A

CO = Heart rate x Stroke volume

30
Q

Stroke volume formula

A

End-diastolic volume - End-systolic volume

31
Q

What is cardiac reserve

A

different between max CO and CO at rest

32
Q

How much average cardiac reserve?

A

4-5 times resting value

33
Q

where autonomic regulation occurs

A

cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata

34
Q

How autonomic regulation works

A

Uses signals from sensory receptors - increase or decrease nerve receptors

35
Q

baroreceptors input signals from

A

pressure changes

36
Q

Chemoreceptors input signals from

A

chemical changes in blood

37
Q

proprioceptors input signals from

A

sensory from limbs/extremities

38
Q

Cardiac centers of medulla oblongata

A

Cardioinhibitory center
Cardioacceleratory center

39
Q

Cardioinhibitory center

A

slows heart rate via vagus nerve

40
Q

Cardioacceleratory center

A

controls sympathetic neurons. increase heart rate

41
Q

Where cardiac accelerator nerves located? What travels through it

A

Thoracic spine. Sympathetics

42
Q

What travels thru Vagus nerve

A

parasympathetics

43
Q

What is released during sympathetic influence to increase heart rate

A

Norepinephrine

44
Q

what is released during parasympathetic influence to decrease heart rate

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

Chemical factor affecting HR

A

Electrolyte imbalance, hormones

46
Q

3 main factors regulating stroke volume

A

Preload
Contractility
Afterload

47
Q

What is preload

A

Degree of heart stretch before contract

48
Q

Frank starling law

A

higher volume blood = more stretch and greater contraction

49
Q

Contractility

A

strength of fiber contraction

50
Q

What substances affect contractility

A

positive (increase contraction) and negative (decrease contraction) ionotropic agents

51
Q

Afterload

A

pressure needed for semilunar valves to open

52
Q

Loss of pumping efficiency called

A

Congestive heart failure

53
Q

Abnormal rhythm of heart pathology

A

Arrhythmia

54
Q

Arrhythmia cause

A

Defect in heart conduction system

55
Q

Accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque causes

A

Coronary Artery disease

56
Q

Defects present from birth called

A

Congenital heart defects

57
Q

Segment of aorta narrowed

A

Coarctation of aorta

58
Q

Ductus arteriosus remains open rather than closing

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

59
Q

Fetal foramen ovale fail to close

A

Atrial Septal defect

60
Q

Incomplete development of septum

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

Anatomy and Physiology - 300 (14 decks)

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