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Anatomy and Physiology - 300 > Blood vessels lecture 2 > Flashcards

Blood vessels lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive movement high to low concentration

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2
Q

Transcytosis

A

Active transport of larger fat insoluble

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3
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of water higher to lower concentration

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4
Q

Diffusion occurs rapidly when?

A

short distance, large concentration gradient, small ions/molecules

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5
Q

Diffusion is important for?

A

solute exchange

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6
Q

How transcytosis works?

A

Hormone enters one side of cell via pinocytic vesicle and exits other side

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7
Q

What is Bulk flow?

A

large numbers of ions, molecules, moving in same direction passively

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8
Q

Bulk Flow Filtration movement occurs where?

A

capillaries to interstitial fluid

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9
Q

Bulk Flow Re-absorption occurs where?

A

Interstitial fluid to capillaries

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10
Q

Filtration: Blood Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure of blood on vessel walls pushes molecules out

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11
Q

Filtration: Interstitial Fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A

Interstitial fluid pulling from capillaries to IF

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12
Q

Re-absorption: Blood Colloid osmotic pressure

A

Albumins pull fluid from IF into blood

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13
Q

Re-absorption: Interstitial fluid Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure pushes fluid from IF to capillaries

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14
Q

Movement across capillary is largely dependent on?

A

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure of blood

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15
Q

What is Net Filtration Pressure

A

Balance of pressures determining direction of fluid flow

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16
Q

What is edema?

A

Swelling - abnormal IF volume

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17
Q

What are hemodynamics

A

Factors affecting blood flow

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18
Q

Blood flow is dependent on which two factors?

A

Pressure Difference
Peripheral Resistance

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19
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure

A

Highest pressure attained in arteries during systolic contraction

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20
Q

Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

Lowest pressure attained in arteries during diastolic relaxation

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21
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

average BP in arteries

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22
Q

Which is higher Arterial or Venous pressure?

A

Arterial

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23
Q

Capillary pressure is lower than artery because?

A

Increased surface area and blood spreading

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24
Q

Blood pressure in veins maintained by what two things?

A

Valves
muscular compression of veins

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25
Q

Capillary blood flow is slow and allows time for?

A

Time for capillary exchange

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26
Q

What is Venous Return

A

Amount of blood to right atrium per min

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27
Q

Where is highest pressure located

A

Aorta - pressure keeps decreasing from there

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28
Q

Peripheral Resistance is dependent on what 3 factors?

A

Size of lumen in vessel
Blood vessel length
Blood viscosity

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29
Q

How does size of lumen affect fluid movement

A

Smaller lumen, more resistance
Larger lumen, less resistance

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30
Q

How does blood vessel length affect fluid movement?

A

Longer the vessel, more resistance

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31
Q

How blood viscosity affects fluid movement

A

Increased solutes, etc.. increase viscosity = increase resistance

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32
Q

What is Systemic Vascular Resistance aka. Total Peripheral Resistance

A

Total resistance entire vascular system

33
Q

What contributes most to Systemic Vascular Resistance

A

Arterioles (most), capillaries, venules,

34
Q

Why do arterioles contribute the most to Systemic Vascular Resistance

A

The ability to contract because of more smooth muscle

35
Q

Velocity of blood flow is relationship between what?

A

Fluid velocity with cross sectional area of closed tube

36
Q

What has the most cross sectional area, therefore slowest blood velocity?

A

Capillaries and venules

37
Q

What are the two regulatory pathways for Homeostatic mechanisms

A

Autoregulation
Central regulation

38
Q

How does autoregulation work

A

Opening or closing pre-capillary sphincters to regulate BP

39
Q

What factors lead to autoregulation

A

Vasodilating and constricting chemicals (endothelins)

Changes in oxygen levels

40
Q

If there is low blood in pulmonary tissues why would vessels constrict?

A

No oxygen to oxygenate blood

41
Q

What does central regulation involve?

A

Neural and endocrine mechanisms

42
Q

Which neural mechanisms affect BP

A

Cardioacceleratory/inhibitory centers

43
Q

How does endocrine system affect BP

A

Releasing vasoconstrictors

44
Q

What 4 mechanisms do Central regulation mechanisms receive input from?

A

Baroceptors
Chemoreceptors
Proprioceptors
Limbic system & higher brain centers

45
Q

Baroreceptors are located in walls of ?

A

Carotid sinuses - brain pressure
Aortic sinuses - systemic pressure
Right atrium

46
Q

What do cardiac accelerator nerves do?

A

Increase HR and cardiac output

47
Q

What do Vagus nerves do?

A

parasympathetic nervous system decrease HR and CO

48
Q

What do Vasomotor nerves do?

A

cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels

49
Q

What do endocrine responses use for BP and flow?

A

Hormones that provide short term and long term regulation using functions of heart, kidneys, pituitary

50
Q

Immediate Hormonal response to low blood pressure and volume?

A

Immediate response:
Adrenals release epinephrine and norepinephrine

51
Q

What is the Renin – Angiotensin –Aldosterone system

Hormonal Regulation BP

A

Cascade:
Kidneys release renin
Renin converts angiotensin into angiotensin II (AG II)
AG II increases BP

52
Q

What is the goal of Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) aka “vasopressin”

A

Increase BP by kidneys absorbing more H20 (less pee)

53
Q

What is the goal of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?

A

Protein released from heart to decrease BP — more pee

54
Q

What is syncope? fainting

A

Lack of blood flow to brain sudden loss of consciousness

55
Q

What is shock

A

cardiovascular crisis - low BP, peripheral blood flow

56
Q

Hypovolemic Shock –

A

decreased total volume of blood (ie.
hemorrhaging or excessive dehydration)

57
Q

Cardiogenic Shock –

A

poor/lack of normal heart functioning (MI,
arrythmias, fibrillations)

58
Q

Obstructive Shock –

A

blockage of blood flow (thrombus & embolus
formations)

59
Q

Anaphylactic Shock –

A

massive vasodilation in response to an allergen

60
Q

Neurogenic Shock –

A

damage to nervous system interrupts normal neural
BP regulation

61
Q

Septic Shock –

A

shock in response to sepsis

62
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Shock

A

Drop in BP
Decreased blood to organs

63
Q

Pulse

A

traveling pressure wave generated by systole & diastole of the ventricles.

64
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

sounds heard through the stethoscope

65
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

A

HIGHEST pressure attained in arteries during
systolic contraction

66
Q

Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

LOWEST pressure attained in arteries during
diastolic relaxation

67
Q

Pulse pressure

A

is the difference between systolic & diastolic pressures

68
Q

Hypertension

A

increase in the pulse pressures beyond the normal range

69
Q

Hypotension

A

decrease in the pulse pressures beyond the normal range

70
Q

Vasculitis

A

inflammation of the vessel wall, due to autoimmune disease or infection

71
Q

Phlebitis and arteritis

A

Phlebitis = inflammation of a vein
arteritis = inflammation of an artery

72
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Inflammation of the temporal artery in the scalp

73
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

the formation of lipid lumps (atheromas) in the blood vessel wall

m/c cardiovascular disease

74
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Atherosclerosis with narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the heart
muscle

more likely heart attack

75
Q

Carotid artery disease

A

Atherosclerosis with narrowing of one or both of the carotid arteries in the neck.

more likely stroke

76
Q

Peripheral artery disease

A

Atherosclerosis that causes narrowing of the arteries
in the legs or groin.

77
Q

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

A

damages veins causing blood to pool in your legs.

78
Q

Arterial thrombosis

A

blood clot that develops in an artery.

Anatomy and Physiology - 300 (14 decks)

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