Blood lecture 2 Flashcards
RBC’s make up how much of total body cells
1/3rd
How many RBC die per second
3 million
Lifespan of RBC’s
120 days
RBC’s biconcave discs meaning
thinner center, thicker edge
RBC functions: rouleaux
form stacks, transport in small vessels
RBC functions: large surface area
hemoglobin, more oxygen exchange
RBC functions: flexible
to move through narrow space
Cytosol of RBCs contain
hemoglobin
Hemoglobin consists of
Globin and heme
Globin is what?
Protein
Heme is what?
ringlike non-protein pigments bound to protein chains, iron ion
Heme contains iron ion interacting with?
Oxyhemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin
Makes oxygenated blood red
Deoxyhemoglobin
dark red, hemoglobin not bound to oxygen
RBC transports O2 from
Lungs to cells
RBC transports C02
cells to lungs
each RBC contains how much hb molecules
280 million
Carbon monoxide binding causes
Inability for blood to transport O2
Proerythroblast is what? where it start? becomes what?
precursor cell, red bone marrow, reticulocyte
How erythrocyte becomes reticulocyte
ejects nucleus
Reticulocyte has bi-concave shape and contains
mitochondria, ribosomes, ER
Erythroblasts begin production of what?
Begin prod. Hb
Normoblasts
Lose nuclei become reticulocytes
Reticulocytes contain what? enery bloodstream after how long?
contain 80% of Hb of mature RBC. Enter 2 days
Hypoxia
Cellular oxygen deficiency
Erythropoietin
Causes RBC prod. in kidneys
Where ruptured or worn out RBC’s phagocytized
spleen, liver, red marrow
What happens to heme and globin during RBC breakdown
split apart
RBC breakdown: Globin broken down into what?
Amino acids
RBC breakdown: What is removed from heme
Iron
RBC breakdown: iron attaches with what for transport?
transferrin - transports iron through stream
RBC breakdown: Iron detaches from transferrin and stored in
Ferritin
RBC breakdown: What happens to iron after released from storage
Reattach to transferrin
RBC breakdown: where iron is transported after storage
Carried to RBM — hemoglobin synthesis
RBC breakdown: non-iron portion of heme converted to
Biliverdin and biliruben
What biliruben is converted into
Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen converted into what?
Urobilin (urine) and stercobilin (feces)
Iron overload can lead to what?
Damage and disease to liver, heart
method of eliminating excess iron
none
acronym
NLMEB
WBC time in circulation
short time
WBC processes for migrating out of blood stream
emigration or diapedesis
What is positive chemotaxis
WBC’s attracted to chemical stimuli, release cytokines, attract more WBC’s
WBC differential count
Number of each WBC in sample
2 classes of white blood cells
Granular leukocytes, agranular leukoytes
Granular leukocyte types
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Neutrophils
Most numerous WBC
Eosinophils
antihistamine, destroy parasites/Ab-Ag complexes
Basophils
release serotonin, heparin, histamine allergic reactions
Agranular leukocyte types and percent
Monocytes 2-8%, lymphocytes 20-40%
Monocytes
phagocytosis of dead cells & debris
Lymphocytes 3 types:
T-cells, B-cells, Nk cells
T-cells
Attack cancer, viral invasions
B-cells
become plasma cells, secrete ab’s
NK cells
Destroy cancer, infectious microbes
How long WBC’s live
Most only live a few days, can be months to years
Do granular leukocytes and monocytes return to circulation
No
Why lymphcytes continually recirculate
To create memories
Phagocytosis
engulfing another microbe
Emigration
WBC’s squeeze through endothelial cells
Chemotaxis
Chemicals released by toxins attract phagocytes
Leukocytosis
High WBCs, response to something
Leukopenia
Low WBC levels
Leukemia
WBC cancer
Leukocytolysis
WBC death
Thrombocyte function
Blood clot formation
megakaroblasts
Thrombocyte (platelet) precursor cell
Thrombopoietin
hormone for platelet production
Hemostasis
Platelets bind together to stop blood loss
Hemorrhage
large amount of blood loss
Thrombosis
Clotting undamaged vessel
Vascular phase hemostasis
vascular spasms - blood vessels constrict
How do vascular spasms start?
endothelins that promote vascular spasms
How platelet phase works
Stick to damaged vessel, cause more vasodilation, platelets keep collecting and form plug
What is serum
blood outside body, no clotting factors
What is the clotting cascade
Chemical reactions leading to clotting
Procoagulants
Clotting factors - key role in blood clotting
Clotting pathways that lead to common pathway
Extrinsic and Inrinsic
Extrinsic pathway general ideas
Occurs quicker than intrinsic, involves factor from outside blood (tissue factor)
Intrinsic pathway general ideas
Slower than extrinsic (minutes), all factors already inside blood
Activated factor x from intrinsic or extrinsic pathways activate?
Prothombinase
Prothrombinase converts what?
Prothrombin into thrombin
Thrombin converts what?
fibrinogen into fibrin
Thrombin and Factor XIII make what?
Activated factor XIII, strengthens clot
Vitamin K is responsible for?
Clotting factors
Fibrinolytic System does what?
Dissolve small clots after damage repaired
Fibrinolyisis uses what to dissolve clots
plasmin
Anticoagulants prevent
Unnecessary clotting
Warfarin
Blocks vit k/ clotting factor prod.
Anti-thrombin
blocks thrombin formation
Heparin helps?
Helps activity of anti-thrombin
APC (Activated Protein C
Blocks clotting factors/enhance activity of plasminogen activators
Thrombolytic Agents
Chemicals to dissolve clots
Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Activates plasmin
Streptokinase
prod by bacteria, dissolves clots
Aspirin
Inhibits vasoconstriction
Thrombus
Clot in undamaged vessel
Embolus
Broken piece of thrombus in bloodstream (can have serious consequences)
