LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Flashcards
_______________ is the COMPLEX COLLECTION OF CELLS AND ORGANS that DESTROYS OR NEUTRALIZES pathogens that would otherwise cause disease or death.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
is the system of vessels, cells, and organs that CARRIES EXCESS FLUID to the bloodstream and filters pathogens from the blood.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
two examples of the many connections between the immune system and lymphatic system
SWELLING OF LYMPH NODES and TRANSPORT OF LYMPHOCYTES VIA LYMPHATIC VESSELS
FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
FLUID BALANCE
FAT ABSORPTION
HOUSE OF THE BODY’S DEFENSES
TRANSPORT BACK to the blood fluids that have escaped from the blood vascular system
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
how many liters of fluid pass from the BLOOD CAPILLARIES into the INTERSTITIAL SPACES
30 LITERS
how many liters of fluid pass from the interstitial spaces BACK INTO the BLOOD CAPILLARIES
27 LITERS
what would happen if the extra 3L of interstitial fluid remained in the interstitial spaces
EDEMA, causing tissue damage and eventually death
what do you call the remaining fluid that enters in the lymphatic capillaries
LYMPH
the lymphatic system absorbs fats and other substances from __________
digestive tract
SPECIAL lymphatic vessels located in the lining of the small intestine
LACTEALS
fats enter the lacteals and pass through the lymphatic vessels to the ________
VENOUS CIRCULATION
these play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease
PHAGOCYTIC CELLS AND LYMPHOCYTES
where do phagocytic cells and lymphocytes house
in the lymphoid tissues and organs
excess tissue fluid
LYMPH
these form an elaborate drainage system that picks up excess tissue
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
The lymph nodes in particular help protect the body by __________________ such as bacteria and tumor cells from the lymphatic stream
removing foreign material
foreign materials that lymph nodes remove
BACTERIA AND TUMOR
where do lymph nodes remove the foreign materials
LYMPHATIC STREAM
- these function in the immune response
- produced by lymph nodes
LYMPHOCYTES
these ENGULF and DESTROY bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph nodes before it is returned to the blood.
MACROPHAGES
collections of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) are also STRATEGICALLY LOCATED in the lymph nodes and respond to foreign substances in the lymphatic stream.
LYMPHOCYTES
what is the shape of the most lymph nodes
KIDNEY-SHAPED
each node is surrounded by a FIBROUS CAPSULE from which strands that extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments
TRABECULAE
OUTER PART of the node that contains collections of lymphocytes, many of which have dark-staining centers
CORTEX
collection of lymphocytes
FOLLICLES
dark-staining centers
GERMINAL CENTERS
these centers enlarge when specific lymphocytes (the B cells) are generating daughter cell, which release antibodies
PLASMA CELLS
the rest of the cortical cells are lymphocytes “in transit” that circulate continuously between the blood, lymph nodes, and lymphatic stream, performing their SURVEILLANCE role
T CELLS
phagocytic macrophages are located in the ________ of the lymph node
CENTRAL MEDULLA
what are located in the central medulla of the lymph node
PHAGOCYTIC MACROPHAGES
lymph enters the convex side of a lymph node through the _____ lymphatic vessels
AFFERENT
a number of sinuses that cut through the lymph node and finally exits from the node t its indented region, the hilum via the ______ lymphatic vessels
EFFERENT
a soft, blood-rich organ that FILTERS BLOOD
SPLEEN
located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm, and curls around the anterior aspect of the stomach
SPLEEN
FILTERS and CLEANSES the BLOOD of bacteria, viruses, and other debris; but its most important function is to DESTROY WORN-OUT red blood cells and return some of their breakdown products to the liver
SPLEEN
a lymphoid mass found low in the throat overlying the heart
THYMUS GLAND
produces THYMOSIN and others, that function in the programming of certain lymphocytes so they can carry out their protective roles in the body
THYMUS GLAND
SMALL MASSES OF LYMPHOID TISSUE that ring the pharynx (throat), where they are found in the mucosa
TONSILS
their job is to TRAP AND REMOVE any bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat
TONSILS
they carry out this function so efficiently that sometimes they become congested with bacteria and become red, swollen, and sore, a condition called ___________
TONSILITIS
are found in the WALL OF THE SMALL INTESTINE.
PEYER’S PATCHES
The macrophages of ___________ are in an ideal position to CAPTURE AND DESTROY BACTERIA (always present in tremendous numbers in the intestine), thereby PREVENTING THEM FROM PENETRATING THE INTESTINAL WALL.
PEYER’S PATCHES
acts as a GUARD to protect the UPPER RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE TRACT from the never-ending attacks of foreign matter entering those cavities.
MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC TISSUE (MALT)
THREE LINES OF DEFENSE
FIRST LINE
SECOND LINE (INNATE IMMUNITY 1&2ND LINE)
ADAPTIVE/ACQUIRED IMMUNITY (3RD LINE)
You are born with this and is non specific comprise
1 & 2 Innate immunity/ natural immunity
it has localized effect and has NO MEMORY FORMATION.
1 & 2 Innate immunity/ natural immunity
the body’s Third line of defense; very specific to the PATHOGEN TARGETING; systemic effect is all throughout the body and includes MEMORY.
3 The Adaptive defense systems / acquired immunity
The body’s first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms
SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE
as long as the ____ is unbroken, its keratinized EPEDERMIS is a strong physical barrier to most microorganisms that swarm on it
SKIN
intact ______ provide similar mechanical barriers within the body; ______ line all body cavities open to the exterior: the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
acidic pH of skin secretions
pH of 3-5
INHIBITS BACTERIAL GROWTH, and sebum contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria; vaginal secretions of adult females are also very acidic
ACIDIC PH OF SKIN SECRETIONS
the ________ secrets hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes, both kill pathogens
STOMACH MUCOSA
the stomach mucosa secretes _____ that kill pathogens
HYDROCHLORIC ACID and PROTEIN-DIGESTING ENZYMES
saliva and lacrimal fluid contain ___, an enzyme that destroys bacteria
LYSOZYME
______ traps any microorganisms that enter digestive and respiratory passageways
STICKY MUCUS
_______ inside the nasal cavity trap inhaled particles, and the respiratory tart mucosa is ciliated
MUCUS-COATED HAIRS
the ___ sweep dust and bacteria-laden mucus superiorly toward the mouth, preventing it from entering the lungs
CILIA
For its second line of defense, the body uses an enormous number of ____ and _____ to protect itself.
CELLS AND CHEMICALS
Pathogens that make it through the mechanical barriers are confronted by ______
PHAGOCYTES
Flowing cytoplasmic extensions bind to the particle and then pull it inside, enclosing it in a ____
VACUOLE
the vacuole is then fused with the enzymatic contents of a _______ (membrane bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes), and its contents are broken down, or digested.
LYSOSOME
these “police” the body in blood and lymph, are a unique group of lymphocytes that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells well before the adaptive arm of the immune system is enlisted to fight.
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
Natural killer cells attack the target cell’s membrane and release a lytic chemical called _______.
PERFORINS
is a nonspecific response that is triggered whenever body tissues are injured
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
the four most common indicators of an acute inflammation
REDNESS
SWELLING
HEAT
PAIN
is a GROUP OF PLASAM PROTEINS that lyses microorganisms, enhances phagocytosis by opsonization, and intensifies inflammatory response;
COMPLEMENT
are proteins RELEASED BY VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS that protect uninfected tissue cells from viral takeover and mobilize immune system;
INTERFERONS
______ has a normally acidic pH that inhibits bacterial growth, and cleanses the lower urinary tract as it flushes from the body.
URINE
is a systemic response to invading microorganisms; normally the body’s “thermostat” is set at approximately 37 degrees Celsius,
FEVER
chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign cells or substances in the body.
PYROGENS
INFLAMMATORY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
CHEMICAL ALARM
BODY’S REACTION
REDNESS AND HEAT
EDEMA AND PAIN
LIMITATION OF JOINT MOVEMENT
is a functional system that RECOGNIZES foreign molecules (antigens) and acts to inactivate or destroy them.
BODY’S THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE // ADAPTIVE BODY DEFENSE
It is antigen-specific, it recognizes and acts against particular pathogens or foreign substances;
ADAPTIVE DEFENSE
any substance that causes your immune system to PRODUCE ANTIBODIES against it. This means your immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off. It may be a substance from the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen
ANTIGEN
It is systemic or it affects the entire body, immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site;
Adaptive Body Defenses
It has “memory“, it recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens.
Adaptive Body Defenses
also called antibody-mediated immunity, is provided by antibodies present in the body’s “humors”, or fluids;
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
attacks extracellular substances/ outside an infected cell
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
use of B Lymphocytes
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
also called cell-mediated immunity
involves lymphocytes that defend the body, as the protective factor is living cells
CELLULAR IMMUNITY
use of T lymphocytes
CELLULAR IMUNITY
killing off infected/cancer cells
CELLULAR IMMUNITY
involves lymphocytes formed in the red bone marrow and exposed to antigen in the spleen and lymphatic system.
HUMORAL AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY
they mature in the bone marrow
B CELLS
mature in the thymus
T CELLS
is generated during both humoral and cellular immune responses designated as memory B cells and memory T cells respectively. These cells become active and function to eliminate pathogens from the body upon subsequent exposure to the same antigens.
IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
is any substance capable of MOBILIZING our immune system and provoking an immune response.
ANTIGEN
An almost LIMITLESS variety of substances can act as antigens, including virtually all foreign proteins, nucleic acids, many large carbohydrates, and some lipids; proteins are the strongest antigens.
FOREIGN INTRUDERS
Our own cells are richly studded with a variety of protein molecules or ________; although these do not trigger an immune response in us, they are strongly antigenic to other people.
SELF-ANTIGENS
As a rule, small molecules are not antigenic, but when they link up with our own proteins, the immune system may recognize the combination as foreign and mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective; the troublesome small molecule is called a _____ or incomplete antigen.
HAPTEN
haoten is also called _____
incomplete antigen
troublesome small molecule
hapten
ANTIGENS
FOREIGN INTRUDERS
SELF-ANTIGENS
HAPTEN
The crucial cells of the adaptive system are _________ and ______.
LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES
TWO KINDS OF LYMPHOCYTES
B CELLS
T CELLS
are like the body’s MILITARY INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM — they find their targets and send defenses to lock onto them.
B CELLS / B LYMPHOCYTES
are like the SOLDIERS — they destroy the invaders that the intelligence system finds.
T CELLS / T LYMPHOCYTES
where do macrophages arise
from MONOCYTES
macrophages are formed in the
BONE MARROW
MAJOR ROLE OF MACROPHAGES
ENGULF FOREIGN PARTICLES
Macrophages also secrete _______ proteins that are important in the immune response.
CYTOKINES
two kinds of humoral immunity
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
When your B cells encounter antigen and produce antibodies against them
1. naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections, and
2. artificially acquired when we receive vaccines.
ACTIVE IMMUNTIY
- they spare us most of the signs and symptoms of the disease that would otherwise occur during the primary response and
- the weakened antigens are still able to stimulate antibody production and promote immunological memory.
VACCINES
may intensify the immune response at later meetings with the same antigen, are also available.
BOOSTER SHOTS
the antibodies are obtained from the serum of an immune human or animal donor; as a result, the B cells are not challenged by the antigen, immunological memory does not occur, and the temporary protection provided by the “borrowed antibodies” ends when they naturally degrade in the body
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
conferred naturally on a fetus when the mother’s antibodies cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation, and after birth during breastfeeding.
NATURAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY
conferred when one receives immune serum or gamma globulin.
ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY
prepared commercially for use in research are produced by descendants of a single cell and are pure antibody preparations that exhibit specificity for one, and only one, antigen.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
antibodies are also referred to as
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
are soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen and they are capable of binding specifically with that antigen.
ANTIBODIES
is virtually ALWAYS ATTACHED TO B CELL and is believed to be the cell surface receptor of immunocompetent B cell; and it is also important in ACTIVATION OF B CELL.
IgD
is attached to B cell and FREE IN PLASMA; when it is bound to the B cell membrane, it serves as an aANTIGEN RECEPTOR; first Ig class released to plasma by plasma cells during primary response; it is also a potent agglutinating agent and fixes complement.
IgM
is the MOST ABUNDANT ANTIBODY in plasma, representing 75% to 85% of circulating antibodies; it is the main antibody of both primary and secondary responses; crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to fetus; fixes complement.
IgG
Some are found in plasma; in secretions such as saliva, tears, intestinal juice, and milk; it BATHES AND PROTECTS MUCOSAL SURFACES from attachment of pathogens.
IgA
It is SECRETED BY PLASMA CELLS IN SKIN, mucosa of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and tonsils; TRIGGERS RELEASE OF HISTAMINE and other chemicals that mediate INFLAMMATION and certain ALLERGIC RESPONSES.
IgE
is the chief antibody ammunition used against cellular antigens, and it is fixed (activated) during innate defenses; it is also activated very efficiently when IT BINDS TO ANTIBODIES ATTACHED TO CELLULAR TARGETS.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION // COMPLEMENT
occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) or on viruses that can cause cellular injury; in this way they BLOCK THE HARMFUL EFFECTS of the exotoxin or virus.
NEUTRALIZATION
When the cross-linking involves cell-bound antigens, the process causes clumping of the foreign cells, a process called agglutination; this type of antigen-antibody reaction occurs when MISMATCHED BLOOD IS TRANSFUSED and is the basis of tests used for blood typing.
AGGLUTINATION
When the cross-linking involves soluble antigenic molecules, the resulting antigen-antibody complexes are so large that they become INSOLUBLE and settle out of solution; this cross-linking reaction is more precisely called _______.
PRECIPITATION
cells specifically designed to fight infections they have not yet encountered.
T CELLS
T cells that specialize in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells;
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
T cells that act as the “directors” or “managers” of the immune system; once activated, they circulate through the body, recruiting other cells to fight the invaders;
HELPER T CELLS
releases chemicals that suppress the activity of both T and B cells;
are vital for winding down and finally stopping the immune response after an antigen has been successfully inactivated or destroyed.
REGULATORY T CELLS
Most of the T cells enlisted to fight in a particular immune response are dead within a few days; however, a few members of each clone are long-lived memory cells that remain behind to provide IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY FOR EACH ANTIGEN encountered and enable the body to respond quickly to subsequent invasions.
MEMORY CELLS
