ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS Flashcards
The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means
“to cut apart.”
areas of specialization of anatomy
Gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy
the study of the LARGER STRUCTURES of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification
gross anatomy
gross anatomy is also referred to as
macroscopic anatomy
the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a MICROSCOPE or other magnification devices.
microscopic anatomy
Two general approaches to the study of the body’s structures
regional and systemic
the study of the INTERRELATIONSHIPS of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen
Regional anatomy
It also helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other structures work together to serve a particular body region.
regional anatomy
the study of the structures that MAKE UP a discrete body system—that is, a GROUP OF STRUCTURES that work together to perform a unique body function.
systemic anatomy
structure
anatomy
function
physiology
the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life.
Human physiology
the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
Homeostasis
TRUE OR FALSE:
The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked eye and
with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements.
true
structures of the body in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity
subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms and biosphere
the SMALLEST INDEPENDENTLY functioning unit of a living organism
cell
a WATER-BASED cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles
cytoplasm
A human cell typically consists of
flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm
tiny functioning units
organelles
a GROUP OF MANY SIMILAR CELLS (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function.
tissue
an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. Each _____ performs one or more specific physiological functions.
organ
a GROUP OF ORGANS that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.
organ system
Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions.
true
highest level of organization
organism level
a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.
organism
In multicellular organisms, including humans, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body work together to maintain the life and health of the organism.
true
Functions of Human Life
organization
metabolism
responsiveness
movement
development, growth and reproduction
A human body consists of trillions of cells organized in a way that maintains distinct internal compartments. These compartments keep body cells separated from external environmental threats and keep the cells moist and nourished
organization
Your basic function as an organism is to consume (ingest) energy and molecules in the foods you eat, convert some of it into fuel for movement, sustain your body functions, and build and maintain your body structures.
metabolism
the process whereby SMALLER, simpler molecules are COMBINED into larger, more complex substances. Your body can assemble, by utilizing energy, the complex chemicals it needs by combining small molecules derived from the foods you eat.
anabolism
is the process by which larger more complex substances are BROKEN DOWN into smaller simpler molecules. _______ releases energy. The complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures and substances needed for life.
catabolism
the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body.
metabolism
Both anabolism and catabolism occur simultaneously and continuously to keep you alive.
true
the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments.
responsiveness
Human movement includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion of individual organs and even individual cells
movement
all of the changes the body goes through in life. _______ also includes the processes of growth and repair, both of which Involve cell differentiation
development
increase in body size
growth
is the formation of a new organism from parent organisms.
reproduction
key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP-chemical compound, adenosine triphosphate, to store and release energy.
oxygen
is a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival.
nutrients
The three basic classes of nutrients
water, vitamins and minerals
Requirements for Human Life
oxygen
nutrients
narrow range of temperature
homeostasis
Anatomical terms are made up of
roots, prefixes, and suffixes
refers to an organ, tissue, or condition
root
describes the root
prefix or suffix
The human body is shown in anatomical position
anterior view, posterior view
A body that is lying down is described as
prone or supine
face down
prone
face up
supine
Describes the FRONT or direction toward the front of the body
Anterior (or ventral)
Describes the BACK or direction toward the back of the body.
Posterior (or dorsal)
describes a position ABOVE OR HIGHER than another part of the body proper.
Superior (or cranial)
describes a position BELOW OR LOWER than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column).
Inferior (or caudal)
describes the SIDE or direction toward the side of the body.
lateral
describes the MIDDLE or direction toward the middle of the body.
medial
describes a position in a limb that is NEARER to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
Proximal
describes a position in a limb that is FARTHER from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
Distal
describes a position CLOSER TO THE SURFACE of the body.
Superficial
describes a position FARTHER FROM THE SURFACE of the body.
Deep
toward the nose
rostral
toward the tail
caudal
on both sides
bilateral
on the same side
ipsilateral
on the opposite side
contralateral
a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut.
section
the plane that divides the body or an organ VERTICALLY into right and left sides.
sagittal plane
If this vertical plane runs directly down the MIDDLE of the body, it is called the
midsagittal or median plane
If it divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left sides, it is called a
parasagittal plane
the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion
frontal plane
The frontal plane is often referred to as a
coronal plane
(“Corona” is Latin for
crown
the plane that divides the body or organ HORIZONTALLY into upper and lower portions.
transverse plane
Transverse planes produce images referred to as
cross sections
means “large”
macro
considers large structures such as the brain
Gross anatomy
