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ANAPHY > ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS > Flashcards

ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means

A

“to cut apart.”

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2
Q

areas of specialization of anatomy

A

Gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

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3
Q

the study of the LARGER STRUCTURES of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification

A

gross anatomy

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4
Q

gross anatomy is also referred to as

A

macroscopic anatomy

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5
Q

the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a MICROSCOPE or other magnification devices.

A

microscopic anatomy

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6
Q

Two general approaches to the study of the body’s structures

A

regional and systemic

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7
Q

the study of the INTERRELATIONSHIPS of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen

A

Regional anatomy

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8
Q

It also helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other structures work together to serve a particular body region.

A

regional anatomy

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9
Q

the study of the structures that MAKE UP a discrete body system—that is, a GROUP OF STRUCTURES that work together to perform a unique body function.

A

systemic anatomy

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10
Q

structure

A

anatomy

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11
Q

function

A

physiology

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12
Q

the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life.

A

Human physiology

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13
Q

the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things

A

Homeostasis

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked eye and
with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements.

A

true

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15
Q

structures of the body in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity

A

subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms and biosphere

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16
Q

the SMALLEST INDEPENDENTLY functioning unit of a living organism

A

cell

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17
Q

a WATER-BASED cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles

A

cytoplasm

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18
Q

A human cell typically consists of

A

flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm

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19
Q

tiny functioning units

A

organelles

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20
Q

a GROUP OF MANY SIMILAR CELLS (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function.

A

tissue

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21
Q

an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. Each _____ performs one or more specific physiological functions.

A

organ

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22
Q

a GROUP OF ORGANS that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.

A

organ system

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23
Q

Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions.

A

true

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24
Q

highest level of organization

A

organism level

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25
Q

a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

A

organism

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26
Q

In multicellular organisms, including humans, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body work together to maintain the life and health of the organism.

A

true

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27
Q

Functions of Human Life

A

organization
metabolism
responsiveness
movement
development, growth and reproduction

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28
Q

A human body consists of trillions of cells organized in a way that maintains distinct internal compartments. These compartments keep body cells separated from external environmental threats and keep the cells moist and nourished

A

organization

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29
Q

Your basic function as an organism is to consume (ingest) energy and molecules in the foods you eat, convert some of it into fuel for movement, sustain your body functions, and build and maintain your body structures.

A

metabolism

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30
Q

the process whereby SMALLER, simpler molecules are COMBINED into larger, more complex substances. Your body can assemble, by utilizing energy, the complex chemicals it needs by combining small molecules derived from the foods you eat.

A

anabolism

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31
Q

is the process by which larger more complex substances are BROKEN DOWN into smaller simpler molecules. _______ releases energy. The complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures and substances needed for life.

A

catabolism

32
Q

the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body.

A

metabolism

33
Q

Both anabolism and catabolism occur simultaneously and continuously to keep you alive.

A

true

34
Q

the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments.

A

responsiveness

35
Q

Human movement includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion of individual organs and even individual cells

A

movement

36
Q

all of the changes the body goes through in life. _______ also includes the processes of growth and repair, both of which Involve cell differentiation

A

development

37
Q

increase in body size

A

growth

38
Q

is the formation of a new organism from parent organisms.

A

reproduction

39
Q

key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP-chemical compound, adenosine triphosphate, to store and release energy.

A

oxygen

40
Q

is a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival.

A

nutrients

41
Q

The three basic classes of nutrients

A

water, vitamins and minerals

42
Q

Requirements for Human Life

A

oxygen
nutrients
narrow range of temperature
homeostasis

43
Q

Anatomical terms are made up of

A

roots, prefixes, and suffixes

44
Q

refers to an organ, tissue, or condition

A

root

45
Q

describes the root

A

prefix or suffix

46
Q

The human body is shown in anatomical position

A

anterior view, posterior view

47
Q

A body that is lying down is described as

A

prone or supine

48
Q

face down

A

prone

49
Q

face up

A

supine

50
Q

Describes the FRONT or direction toward the front of the body

A

Anterior (or ventral)

51
Q

Describes the BACK or direction toward the back of the body.

A

Posterior (or dorsal)

52
Q

describes a position ABOVE OR HIGHER than another part of the body proper.

A

Superior (or cranial)

53
Q

describes a position BELOW OR LOWER than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column).

A

Inferior (or caudal)

54
Q

describes the SIDE or direction toward the side of the body.

A

lateral

55
Q

describes the MIDDLE or direction toward the middle of the body.

A

medial

56
Q

describes a position in a limb that is NEARER to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

A

Proximal

57
Q

describes a position in a limb that is FARTHER from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

A

Distal

58
Q

describes a position CLOSER TO THE SURFACE of the body.

A

Superficial

59
Q

describes a position FARTHER FROM THE SURFACE of the body.

A

Deep

60
Q

toward the nose

A

rostral

61
Q

toward the tail

A

caudal

62
Q

on both sides

A

bilateral

63
Q

on the same side

A

ipsilateral

64
Q

on the opposite side

A

contralateral

65
Q

a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut.

A

section

66
Q

the plane that divides the body or an organ VERTICALLY into right and left sides.

A

sagittal plane

67
Q

If this vertical plane runs directly down the MIDDLE of the body, it is called the

A

midsagittal or median plane

68
Q

If it divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left sides, it is called a

A

parasagittal plane

69
Q

the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion

A

frontal plane

70
Q

The frontal plane is often referred to as a

A

coronal plane

71
Q

(“Corona” is Latin for

A

crown

72
Q

the plane that divides the body or organ HORIZONTALLY into upper and lower portions.

A

transverse plane

73
Q

Transverse planes produce images referred to as

A

cross sections

74
Q

means “large”

A

macro

75
Q

considers large structures such as the brain

A

Gross anatomy

ANAPHY (8 decks)

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