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ANAPHY > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

The integumentary system consists of :

A

the skin and its associated structures,
the hair follicles,
the nails,
the sweat glands, and
the sebaceous (oil) glands

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2
Q

The functions of the integumentary system include:

A

Protection
Temperature regulation
Sensation
Excretion
Production of vitamin D

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3
Q

It PREVENTS excessive water loss, KEEPS OUT microorganisms that could cause illness, and PROTECTS the underlying tissues from mechanical damage.

A

PROTECTION

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4
Q

PIGMENTS in the skin called ________ absorb and reflect the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.

A

melanin

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5
Q

If heat builds up in the body, sweat glands in the skin produce more sweat which evaporates and cools the skin.

A

REGULATION

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6
Q

when the body _______, blood vessels in the skin EXPAND and bring more blood to the surface, which allows body heat to be LOST.

A

overheats

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7
Q

If the body is _________, the blood vessels in the skin CONTRACT, resulting in less blood at the body surface, and heat is CONSERVED.

A

too cold

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8
Q

since sweat removes small amounts of nitrogenous wastes produced by the body.

A

MINOR EXCRETORY ORGAN

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9
Q

since it contains millions of NERVE ENDINGS that detect touch, heat, cold, pain, and pressure.

A

SENSE ORGAN

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10
Q

in the presence of SUNLIGHT, and the skin renews and repairs damage to itself.

A

Vitamin D PRODUCTION

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11
Q

formed by the continuous epithelial membrane, the skin.

A

Physical Barrier

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12
Q

continuous epithelial membrane

A

skin

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13
Q

The outermost surface of the skin

A

epidermis

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14
Q

the epidermis, is covered with __________

A

dead keratinized cells (stratum corneum).

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15
Q

formed by the production of ACIDIC (low pH) secretions by the oil (sebaceous) glands.

A

Chemical Barrier

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16
Q

formed by the presence of cells of the immune system within the skin.

A

Immunological Barrier

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17
Q

These cells function in immunity and disposal of bacteria and viruses by _____________.

A

“phagocytosis”

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18
Q

a type of cell within the body capable of ENGULFING and ABSORBING BACTERIA and other small cells and particles.

A

Phagocytes

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19
Q

The nervous system regulates body temperature (through the skin) by ________________.

A

controlling sweating and dermal blood flow

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20
Q

houses numerous receptors (part of the nervous system) that function in the perception of external stimuli

A

skin

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21
Q

The skin houses numerous receptors such as

A

pain
pressure
temperature

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22
Q

free nerve endings

A

pain

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23
Q

Meissner’s & Pacinian corpuscles for touch and root hair plexuses

A

pressure

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24
Q

is the formation of WASTE SUBSTANCES (such as sweat and urine) that are REMOVED from the body.

A

Excretion

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Some metabolic wastes, electrolytes, and water are lost by sweating

A

TRUE

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26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Some metabolic wastes, electrolytes, and water are GAINED by sweating

A

FALSE

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27
Q

In the presence of sunlight, a sterol (related to cholesterol) is converted to _________

A

vitamin D3

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28
Q

plays an important role in the intestinal absorption of calcium and regulation of phosphate.

A

Vitamin D3

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29
Q

The skin consists of two regions

A
  1. outer epidermis
  2. underlying dermis
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30
Q

Underlying the skin (subcutaneous) is a layer called the ____________.

A

hypodermis

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31
Q

The hypodermis consists mostly of __________

A

adipose tissue

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32
Q

The hypodermis functions in:

A
  1. connecting the skin to underlying structures,
  2. providing a protective cushion
  3. providing a source of reserve energy (adipose)
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33
Q

reserve energy

A

(adipose)

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34
Q

OUTERMOST layer of the skin and is divided into layers according to the structural characteristics of its cells.

A

Epidermis

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35
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

STRATUM CORNEUM
STRATUM LUCIDUM
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
STRATUM SPINOSUM
STRATUM BASALE

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36
Q

The DEEPEST PROTION Of The Epidermis

A

Stratum Basale

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37
Q

The MOST SUPERFICIAL Portion Of The Epidermis

A

Stratum Corneum

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38
Q

The cells found in this layer are cuboidal to columnar mitotically active stem cells that are constantly producing keratinocytes for skin repair.

This layer also contains melanocytes.

A

Stratum Basale

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39
Q

are responsible for the formation of keratin which forms hair, skin and nails

A

Keratinocytes

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39
Q

characterized by the presence of actively dividing keratinocytes, usually in a single layer.

A

Stratum Basale

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40
Q

produce melanin responsible for the color of the skin.

A

melanocytes

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41
Q

prickle cell layer contains irregular, polyhedral cells with cytoplasmic processes, sometimes called “spines”,

Dendritic cells can be found in this layer(help activate the immune system within the body)

A

Stratum spinosum

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42
Q

located between the deeper stratum basale and the more superficial stratum granulosum.

A

Stratum Spinosum

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43
Q

function in providing great tensile strength that binds the keratinocytes together.

A

Desmosomes

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44
Q

Intermediate filaments form a strong intercellular mesh-like cytoskeleton and attach to the numerous cell junctions called ___________________.

A

desmosomes

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45
Q

Consists of “spiny” prickle cells that interlock to support the skin; thus, the name ______

A

stratum spinosum.

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46
Q

DIAMOND SHAPED cells with keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules;

A

Stratum granulosum

47
Q

contain the GLYCOLIPIDS that get secreted to the surface of the cells and function as a glue, keeping the cells STUCK TOGETHER

A

lamellar granules

48
Q

consists of several layers of FLATTENED DEAD CELLS.

This thick layer appears only in frequently used areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

A

Stratum Lucidum

49
Q

20-30 cell layers
the UPPERMOST layer, made up of keratin and horny scales made up of dead keratinocytes, known as anucleate squamous cells;

varies most in thickness, especially in callused skin;

A

Stratum corneum

50
Q

the ____________ secrete DEFENSINS which are part of our first immune defense.

A

dead keratinocytes

51
Q

is thick with rows of dead cells.

These cells contain soft keratin, which keeps the skin elastic and protects underlying cells from drying out.

Held together by desmosomes, the keratinocytes provide a protective membrane that resists abrasion and other types of physical trauma.

A

Stratum Corneum

52
Q

The _______________ located in the extracellular spaces produces a nearly waterproof barrier.

A

glycolipids

53
Q

Cells of the Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

54
Q

Comprise approximately 90% of all epidermal cells. These cells produce a protein mixture known as KERATIN which helps WATERPROOF AND PROTECT the skin.

A

Keratinocytes

55
Q

Comprise approximately 8% of all epidermal cells. These cells produce a group of PIGMENTS known as melanin which are responsible for skin, hair and eye color.

A

Melanocytes

56
Q

These cells arise from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. These cells play an important role in the IMMUNE RESPONSE. This helps the immune system by processing ANTIGENS.

A

Langerhans cells

57
Q

These cells are in the DEEPEST REGIONS of the epidermis and are associated with SENSORY NEURONS and are thought to function in the sensation of touch. This is involved with TOUCH RECEPTION.

A

Merkel cells

58
Q

MOST COMMON cells of the epidermis. provides PROTECTION AND WATERPROOFING SEALANT

A

KERATINOCYTES

59
Q

produces and transfer the protein melanin to keratinocytes

A

MELANOCYTES

60
Q

a brown/black pigment that ABSORBS UV-LIGHT

A

MELANIN

61
Q

This is known as the “TRUE SKIN,” this is the layer beneath the epidermis.

A

Dermis

62
Q

major parts of the dermis:

A

Collagen
Reticular Fibers
Elastic Fibers

63
Q

a protein that adds strength

A

Collagen

64
Q

thin protein that add support

A

Reticular Fibers

65
Q

a protein that adds flexibility

A

Elastic Fibers

66
Q

two layers of dermis

A

Reticular layer
Papillary layer

67
Q

this contains CRISSCROSSING collagen fibers that form a STRONG ELASTIC NETWORK

A

Reticular layer

68
Q

This network forms a pattern called ___________________.

A

cleavage lines or the Langer’s lines

69
Q

also contains Pacinian corpuscles, sensory receptors for deep pressure/ TOUCH pressure

A

reticular layer

70
Q

This layer contains sweat glands, lymph vessels, smooth muscle, and hair follicles.

A

reticular layer

71
Q

this layer lies directly beneath the epidermis and connects to it through papillae (finger-like projections).

is what gives you FINGERPRINTS.

A

Papillary layer

72
Q

are especially effective at transmitting information about MOVEMENT between the skin and another surface.
This can be used to sense texture and to detect if an object is sliding past the skin—which is important for maintaining GRIP

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

73
Q

also known as the SUBCUTANEOUS tissue that attaches the skin to underlying bones and muscles and supplies it with blood vessels and nerves.

consists mostly of connective tissue and adipose cells.

A

Hypodermis

74
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
As much as one half of the body’s stored fat is in the hypodermis

A

TRUE

75
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
As much as one half of the body’s stored fat is in the skin

A

FALSE

76
Q

develops from the EMBRYONIC EPIDERMIS and its primary function is PROTECTION.

A

HAIR

77
Q

A hair is divided into:

A

shaft and root

78
Q

the aspect of the hair that PROTRUDES ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE SKIN

A

shaft

79
Q

is the aspect of the hair that is BENEATH the surface of the skin.

A

root

80
Q

Base of the root is known as the _____________

A

hair bulb

81
Q

A hair is composed of numerous columns of dead yet keratinized cells held tightly together in three concentric layers known as the ______________.

A

medulla, cortex and cuticle

82
Q

are plates of hard, tightly packed keratinized cells of epidermis.

allow us to grasp and manipulate small objects.

A

NAILS

83
Q

3 PARTS of the NAILS

A

Nail body
Free edge-
Nail root

84
Q

The visible portion of the nail.

A

Nail body

85
Q

The aspect of the nail that may extend past the distal end of the digit.

A

Free edge-

86
Q

The aspect of the nail that is buried underneath a fold of skin.

A

Nail root

87
Q

The whitish semilunar area of the proximal end of the nail body.

A

Lanula

88
Q

Also known as the cuticle. This is a narrow band of epidermis which extends from the lateral border of the nail wall.

A

Epychonium

89
Q

Epithelial tissue deep to the nail root where actual nail growth occurs

A

Nail matrix

90
Q

The two major glands of the integumentary system

A

sebaceous and sweat glands

91
Q

located in the dermis and are usually connected to hair follicles.

A

Sebaceous glands

92
Q

Sebaceous glands produce an oily, white substance known as __________ which oils the hair and skin and thus prevents drying and also provides protection against some bacteria

A

sebum

93
Q

Sweat glands – are divided into two types

A

eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

94
Q

also known as merocrine sweat glands, are the most common type of sweat glands.

A

Eccrine sweat glands

95
Q

These sweat glands are composed of simple coiled tubular glands that open directly onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores.
These glands are most numerous on the palms of the hands & the soles of the feet.

A

Eccrine sweat glands

96
Q

are composed of compound coiled tubular glands that usually open into hair follicles superficial to the opening of sebaceous glands.

A

apocrine sweat glands

97
Q

excrete sweat to regulate temperature

A

Sweat Glands ( sudoriferous glands)

98
Q

oil-producing glands that keep skin and hair moist and soft

A

Sebaceous glands

99
Q

glands of the ear canal that produce earwax

A

Ceruminous glands

100
Q

Types of cutaneous glands

A

Sweat Glands ( sudoriferous glands)
Sebaceous glands
Ceruminous glands
Mammary glands
Lacrimal glands

101
Q

milk-producing glands located in the breasts

A

Mammary glands

102
Q

produce tears to moisten eyes

A

Lacrimal glands

103
Q

The MOST SUPERFICIAL section of skin, made up of epithelial tissue

A

Epidermis

104
Q

Below the epidermis, and above the hypodermis, this section of skin contains MANY STRUCTURES including blood vessels

A

Dermis

105
Q

The layer of tissue below the dermis, made up mostly of FAT

A

Hypodermis

106
Q

These CARRY BLOOD BACK to the heart

A

Vein

107
Q

These CARRY BLOOD AWAY from the heart

A

Artery

108
Q

This gland is connected to the hair follicle, and SECRETES SWEAT THAT SMELLS BAD

A

Apocrine sweat glands

109
Q

This muscle contracts to STAND the hair up

A

Arrector pili muscle

110
Q

These CARRY information to and from the brain

A

nerve

111
Q

The BASE of the hair within the dermis

A

Hair root

112
Q

This gland secretes SEBUM, or oil, onto the hair

A

Sebaceous glands

113
Q

This gland can be found all over the body, and secretes sweat that does NOT smell bad.

A

Eccrine sweat glands

114
Q

The DEEPEST layer of the epidermis, made up of living simple cuboidal cells

A

Stratum Basale

115
Q

The most superficial layer of the epidermis, made up of many layers of DEAD squamous cells

A

Stratum corneum

ANAPHY (8 decks)

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