Lung Cancer Flashcards
What is the most common cause of death world wide
Lung cancer
What is the most common cancer in men and women
Prostate in men, breast in women
Lung is the most common cause of cancer deaths in both
What percentage of lung cancer is caused by smoking and what from passive smoke exposure
80-90% from smoke directly
Up to 25% for passive (mostly 2.5-5%)
What is the breakdown of histologic classes of lung cancer and percentages
Adenocarcinoma = 32%
Squamous cell = 29%
Small cell = 18%
Large cell = 9%
5 key features of squamous cell lung cancer
- 95% are smokers
- Usually centrally located
- May cavitate
- Associated with Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy
- Associated with hypercalcemia
4 key features of adenocarcinoma lung cancer
- Most common subtype
- Increased incidence in never smokers
- Peripherally located
- Metastatic at presentation usually
4 key features of small cell lung cancer
- Considered metastatic at presentation
- Almost all smokers
- Central location
- Highly associated with paraneoplastic syndromes (except hypercalcemia)
7 Key features of Bronchoalveolar Cell carcinoma of the lung
- ALso called adenocarcinoma in situ
- Subtype of adenocarcinoma (about 5%)
- Often in smokers and females
- Presents as either a
- Solitary nodule
- Lobar consolidation (pneumonia that won’t go away)
- Multiple nodules
- Classic symptoms of hyperproduction of mucous and “salty tasting” sputum
- Extremely slow growing
- Less likely to be PET positive
What percent of lung cancers will have paraneoplastic syndrome?
5%
% of lung cancers that are asymptomatic
5-15%
4 Key facts from the National Lung Screening Trial
- Randomized 50,000 persons to LDCT or CXR
- 20% reduction of lung cancer specific mortality in CT arm
- 7% reduction in overall mortality
- 25% of the CT screens showed an abnormality
Criteria for lung cancer screening
- Age 55-74 (77 for Medicare)
- Smoking history of at least 30 pack years unless quit 15 years ago or more
3.
Minimum size for a nodule to be classified as a mass
3 cm
3 patient characteristics that increase risk of solitary nodule being malignant
- Increased age
- Smoking history
- History of extrathoracic malignancy
3 nodule characterstics for a solitary nodule that increase the risk of malignancy
- Larger size
- Spiculation
- Upper lobe location (2/3 of mets are upper lobe)
Which solitary nodule risk formula should you use for incidental nodules and which for screening detected
- Screening detected = Brock
- Incidental = Mayo
% chance of malignancy based off size of nodule
- 2-5 mm = 1%
- 6-10 mm = 24%
- 11-20 mm = 33%
- 21-45 mm = 80%
Likelihood ratio for malignancy based off nodule border type
- Smooth = 0.2
- Lobulated = 0.5
- Spiculated = 5.0
- Corona radiata = 14
- Benign
- A = Central
- B = Laminate
- C = Diffuse
- D = Popcorn
- Indeterminante
- E = Stippled
- F = Eccentric (“scar carcinoma”)
Low, Intermediate, and High risk pulmonary nodule % and treatment
- Low = < 5%
- Serial CTs
- Intermediate = 5 - 60%
- PET, TTNA, Bronch
- High = > 60%
- Excisional biopsy with frozen section
A non-diagnostic biopsy is how much more favorable of benign disease
5x
Probability of pneumothorax with CT guided biopsy and how many of those need chest tube
15% median probability with 6% needing chest tube
2 causes of false negative and 1 cause of false positive PET scan
- False Negative
- Small nodules (< 8-10 mm)
- Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (BAC) and carcinoid
- False positive
- Granulomas/infection
3 steps to diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion
- Tap fluid and send (only 50% chance of getting malignancy)
- Tap fluid again if negative
- If still negative, send for VATS or pleuroscopy
T staging of a Nodule < 1 cm
T1a
T staging of a 1-2 cm lesion
T1b
T staging of a 2-3 cm lesion
T1c
T staging of a 3-4 cm lesion
T2a
T staging of a 4-5 cm lesion
T2b
T staging of a 5-7 cm lesion
T3
T staging of a lesion > 7 cm
T4
T staging of a central (mainstem bronchus) tumor regardless of distance from carina or atelectasis
T2
Does invasion of the mediastinal pleura count for T staging?
No, previously was T4
N1, N2, and N3 nodes location