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Conditions: Respiratory > Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Which two cancers does lung cancer kill more than combined?

A

Prostate and breast

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2
Q

What is the usual aetiology of lung canceR?

A

Environmental

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3
Q

What environmental factors usually are the aetiology of lung cancer?

A
  • Smoking - Asbestos - Environmental radon - Occupational exposure- Pollution
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4
Q

What precondition can result in a lung tumour?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

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5
Q

What percentage of lung cancer cases are related to smoking tobacco?

A

85%

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6
Q

What percentage of smokers get lung cancer?

A

10%

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7
Q

Which gender is more at risk of developing lung cancer from smoking?

A

Males

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8
Q

What percentage risk does passive smoking increase the chances of developing lung cancer by?

A

50-100%

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9
Q

What percentage of non-smoker lung cancer is related to passive smoking?

A

25%

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10
Q

What are the 2 major chemical carcinogens in cigarettes?

A
  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - N-nitrosamines
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11
Q

What are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons said to be linked to?

A

Squamous small cell lung cancer

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12
Q

What are N-nitrosamines said to be linked to?

A

Adenocarcinomas

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13
Q

What cells are effected by tobacco smoke?

A

Epithelial cells

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14
Q

Where do adenocarcinomas usually form?

A
  • Lung periphery - Bronchioalveolar epithelial stem cells transform
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15
Q

What are the stages of invasive bronchogenic carcinoma?

A
  • Squamous dysplasia - Carcinoma in situ Then invasive bronchogenic carcinoma
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16
Q

What are the stages of invasive adenocarcinoma?

A
  • Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia- Adenocarcinoma in situ Then invasive carcinoma
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17
Q

What tumours can occur in the lung?

A
  • Benign tumours - Carcinoid tumour- Tumours of bronchial gland (really rare)- Lymphoma - Sarcoma - Secondary tumours
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18
Q

What could cause a benign growth in the lung?

A

Fibroma during pneumonia

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19
Q

Examples of bronchial gland tumours

A
  • Adenoid cystic carcinoma- Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - Benign adenoma
20
Q

4 main carcinomas of the lung?

A
  • Adenocarcinoma (NSCLC)- Squamous cell (SCLC & NSCLC) - Small cell carcinoma (SCLC)- Large cell carcinoma (NSCLC)
21
Q

What are the two histological categorisations of lung cancer?

A
  • Small cell carcinoma (SCLC)- Non small cell carcinomas (NSCLC)
22
Q

What is the biggest problem with regards to primary lung cancer?

A

They grow silently for many years and then present later when they are advanced

23
Q

Local effects of lung cancer?

A
  • Bronchial obstruction - Pleural invasion- Direct invasion- Lymph node metastasis
24
Q

What effect can cancer have on the pleura?

A
  • Inflammation- Metastasis
25
Q

What anatomical structures can be the location of direct invasion in lung cancer?

A
  • Chest wall - Nerves - Mediastinum
26
Q

What nerve structures can be affected by invasion of lung cancer?

A
  • Phrenic nerve- Left recurrent laryngeal- Brachial plexus - Cervical sympathetic
27
Q

What will phrenic nerve invasion result in?

A

Diaphragmatic paralysis

28
Q

What will left recurrent laryngeal invasion result in?

A

Hoarse, bovine cough

29
Q

What is cervical sympathetic invasion better known as?

A

Horner’s syndrome

30
Q

What structures can be affected by mediastinum invasion from lung cancer?

A
  • Superior Vena Cava - Pericardium
31
Q

What common locations does lung cancer spread to?

A
  • Liver- Adrenal gland - Bone- Brain- Skin
32
Q

What non metastatic paraneoplastic effects of lung cancer are apparent in the SKELETAL system?

A
  • Clubbing- HPOA (hypertonic pulmonary osteoarthropy)
33
Q

What non metastatic paraneoplastic effects of lung cancer are apparent in the ENDOCRINE system?

A
  • Carcinoid syndrome- Gynecomastia
34
Q

What non metastatic paraneoplastic effects of lung cancer are apparent in the NERVOUS system?

A
  • Polyneuropathy- Encephalopathy - Cerebellar degeneration - Myasthenia
35
Q

What non metastatic paraneoplastic effects of lung cancer are apparent in the CUTANEOUS system?

A
  • Acanthosis nigricans- Dermatomyositis
36
Q

What non metastatic paraneoplastic effects of lung cancer are apparent in the HEAMOTOLOGICAL system?

A
  • Granulocytosis- Eosinophilia
37
Q

What non metastatic paraneoplastic effects of lung cancer are apparent in the CARDIOVASCULAR system?

A

Thrombophlebitis migrans

38
Q

What non metastatic paraneoplastic effects of lung cancer are apparent in the RENAL system?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

39
Q

What does hypertonic pulmonary osteoarthropy cause?

A

Sore ankles and wrists

40
Q

What initial tests are done in lung cancer?

A
  • CXR- Bronchoscopy - Trans thoracic fine needle aspiration - Trans thoracic core biopsy - Pleural effusion
41
Q

What types of bronchoscopies can be carried out in lung cancer?

A
  • Bronchial biopsy- Bronchial brushings and washings - Endobronchial ultrasound guided aspiration
42
Q

Prognoses of type 1 and 2 lung cancers with surgical intervention

A
  • Type 1 >60% 5yrS- Type 2 = 35% 5yrS
43
Q

5yr survival rate for small cell lung cancer

A

10-25%

44
Q

What do immune checkpoints do?

A

Control immune responses

45
Q

How do tumours use immune checkpoints?

A

Hide from immune destruction

Conditions: Respiratory (16 decks)

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