LT3 - Cancer biology Flashcards
What are the 10 hallmarks of cancer
- Sustaining proliferative signaling
- Evading growth suppressors
- Avoiding immune distruction
- enabling replicative immortality
- Tumor promoting inflammation
- Activating invasion and metastasis
- Inducing angiogenesis
- Resisting cell death
- Deregulating cellular energetics
- Genome instability and mutation
sites where mutations can occur
- secreted growth factors
- Cell surface receptors
- Intracellular signal molecules (eg Ras)
- Transcription factors
- Components of the cell cycle
Restriction point
point just before the S-phase, point in controlling whether cells will grow or not
2 types of growth suppressors
- Growth inhibitors (loss of function)
- Growth factors (gain of function)
Example of a growth inhibitor
TGF-B or INK4a –> stimulate CDK inhibitors and p16 –> suppression of cell growth
Example of a growth factor
hyperphosphorylation of Rb
P53
can tell the cell to go into cell death, affected in 90% of tumors
Wnt-signalling
Normally APC will degrade beta-catalin. if APC is mutated –> beta-catalin will ga to the nucleus –> neighboouring cells start producing Wnt –> cell growth
when is APC mutated?
In adenomous poluposis coli cancer
Oncogenes products
- Mutated Ras
- BCR/ABL
- Fusion proteins
Tumor suppressor genes
mutated p53
bridge fusion bre4akkage cycle
cycle where telomerase can get activated again so the cell doesn’t die
definition intravasation and extravasation
intravasation = invasion of tumorcells through the mebrane into blood- or lymphatic vessels extravasation = movement od tumor cells into other tissue
Steps of intravasation and extravasation
loosening up of tumor cells –> degrading extracellular matrix
how is apoptosis induced?
activation of P53 –> pro-apoptotoc proteins –> permeable membrane and cytochrome C produced –> caspases activates –> apoptosis
