L8 - Cancer diagnostics and pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Diagnose of breast cancer
A
Clicical examination, mammogram and biopsy (cytology)
2
Q
FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology)
A
looking at loose cells
3
Q
Normal FNAC
A
- Low cellularity
- cohesive cell groups
- small cells
- cells have the same size and shape
4
Q
Cytonuclear atypia
A
- variation in size and shape
- bigger cells
- hyperchromasia (darker nucleus, means its very active)
- cells coming loose
- mitosis
- Many dividing cells
5
Q
2 kinds of malignant cells: (+ is this cancer?)
A
- Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) –> not yet cancer, malignant cells are still in the duct
- Invasive ductal carcinoma –> malignant, cells have travelled through the duct
6
Q
What is the disadvantage of FNAC?
A
You can’t see if it’s DCIS or invasive
7
Q
Hoe can you determine if the cancer is invasive?
A
With a core biopsy
8
Q
what is CK5/6
A
antibody against the basal layer of the duct (for immunohistochemistry)
9
Q
Why do you stain the estrogen receptor (ER)?
A
tumors are ER positive
10
Q
HER2-receptor
A
stimulates growth for cancer, present on tumor cells
11
Q
Waarmee kan je kijken of er HER2 aanwezig is?
A
Met FISH
12
Q
What does cytology from a lymphnode with tumor cells mean?
A
invasion
