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Nursing Fundamentals > LP6: Nutrition and Fluid & Electrolyte (Part2) > Flashcards

LP6: Nutrition and Fluid & Electrolyte (Part2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 different types of body fluid?

A

-Intracellular (ICF)
-Extracellular (ECF)

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2
Q

What is Solute?

A

Substance dissolved in a solution (powder)

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3
Q

What is Solvent?

A

Liquid that contains a substance in solution

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4
Q

What is Permeability?

A

Capability of a substance to diffuse through a membrane

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5
Q

What is Semipermeable?

A

Selectively permeable (only certain things move through the membrane)

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6
Q

How is the Body Water Distributed?

A

60% = Body’s total weight
2/3 = Intracellular
1/3 = extracellular

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7
Q

What are Electrolytes?

A

Compounds that, when dissolved in water or another solvent, forms or dissociates into ions.

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8
Q

What are the Main Electrolytes in Body Fluid?

A

-Sodium (Na+)
Extracellular

-Calcium (Ca2+)
Extracellular

-Potassium (K+)
Intracellular

-Magnesium (Mg2+)
Intracellular

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9
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

When particles move

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10
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

When solvent (liquid) moves

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11
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

When molecules move against a gradient; needs energy.

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12
Q

What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

A

When the force of fluid presses outward against the blood vessel wall

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13
Q

What is Filtration?

A

The movement of fluid through a semipermeable membrane under hydrostatic pressure

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14
Q

What is Colloid Osmotic Pressure?

A

Created by proteins in the plasma

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15
Q

What hormones cause the kidneys to conserve water?

A

ADH - Antiduretic hormone

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

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16
Q

What is ADH (Antiduretic hormone?

A

Is made in the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior pituitary; works on collecting ducts of the nephrones to allow more water to be reabsorbed into the blood.

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17
Q

What is Hyponatremia?

A

Low sodium (<135 mEq/L)

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18
Q

What are the TREATMENTS for Hyponatremia?

A

-Limit water
-Encourage high Na+ foods.

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19
Q

What are the CAUSES of Hyponatremia?

A

-Body fluids are diluted
-Na+ loss
-Vomiting
-Diarrhea
-CHF
-SIADH (CA, meds, stroke)

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20
Q

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hyponatremia?

A

-Primarily neurological symptoms
-H/A
-Lethargy (weakness)
-Confussion
-Tremors
-Seizures

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21
Q

What is Hypernatremia?

A

High levels of Sodium (>145 mEq/L)

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22
Q

What are the CAUSES of Hypernatremia?

A

-Water deficit
-Too much intake of Na+
-Fever
-Heat stroke
-Severe watery diarrhea
-Meds

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23
Q

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypernatremia?

A

-Skin flushed
-Agitation
-Low grade fever
-Thirst

24
Q

What are the TREATMENTS for Hypernatremia?

A

-Encoiurage fluids
-Restrict high Na+ foods

25
Q

What is Hypokalemia?

A

Low levels of Potassium (<3.5 mEq/L)

Never administer IV potassium; it can cause arrythmias

26
Q

What are the CAUSES of Hypokalemia?

A

-GI losses (diarrhea, suction, vomiting)
-Drugs

27
Q

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypokalemia?

A

-Leg cramps
-Weakness
-Decreased bowel sounds
-Heart problems

28
Q

What are TREATMENTS for hypokalemia?

A

-Encourage K+ rich foods
-Administer K+ as ordered

29
Q

What is Hyperkalemia?

A

High levels of Potassium (>5 mEq/L)

30
Q

What are the CAUSES of Hyperkalemia?

A

-Too much intake (salt substitutes)
-Drugs
-Renal failure
-Trauma

31
Q

What are SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hyperkalemia?

A

-Paresthesia (numbness, tingling)
-Muscle weakness
-Hyperactive bowel sounds
-Heart problems

32
Q

What are the TREATMENTS for Hyperkalemia?

A

-Hold K+
-Avoid high K+ foods/ Na+ sub

33
Q

What is Hypocalcemia?

A

Low levels of Calcium (<8.5 mg/dl or 4.5 mEq/L)

34
Q

What are the CAUSES of Hypocalcemia?

A

-Surgical removal of parathyroid gland
-Vit D deficiency
-Acute pancreatitis
-Thyroid cancer

35
Q

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypocalcemia?

A
  • Muscle cramps
    -Numbness
    -Tingling
    -Cardiac dysrhythmias
    -Hyperactive reflexes
36
Q

What are TREATMENTS for Hypocalcemia?

A

-Closely monitor respiratory and cardiac status
-Administer oral or IV Ca++ as ordered
-Teach about osteoporosis prevention

37
Q

What is Hypercalcemia?

A

High levels of Calcium (>10.5 mg/dl or 5.5 mEq/L)

38
Q

What are the CAUSES of hypercalcemia?

A

-Prolonged immobilization
-Parathyroid tumor
-Bone malignancy
-Excess intake of calcium containing antacids or supplements

39
Q

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypercalcemia?

A

-Depressed deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
-Constipation
-Urinary calculi
-Dysrhythmias
-Weakness

40
Q

What are TREATMENTS for Hyeprcalcemia?

A

-Increase activity ad ordered
-Encourage oral fluids
-Limit foods high in calcium or calcium supplements

41
Q

What is Hypomagnesemia?

A

Low levels of Magnesium

42
Q

What are the CAUSES of Hypomagnesemia?

A

-Excessive GI losses (NG, diarrhea)
-Chronic alcoholism
-Pancreatitis

43
Q

What are SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypomagnesemia?

A

-Increased deep tendon reflexes
-Tremors
-Convulsions
-Resp difficulties
-Dysrhythmias

44
Q

What are TREATMENTS for Hypomagnesemia?

A

-Encourage to eat magnesium-rich foods
-Initiate seizure precautions

45
Q

What id Hypermagnesemia?

A

High levels of Magnesium (>2.5 mEq/L)

46
Q

What are the CAUSES of Hypermagnesemia?

A

-Renal failure
-Med tx (over supplementation)

47
Q

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypermagnesemia?

A

-Depressed deep-tendon reflexes
-Flushing
-Hypotension
-Resp. depression
-Cardiac arrest

48
Q

What are TREATMENTS for Hypermagnesemia?

A

-Monitos vs and LOC
-Notify PCP if patellar reflexes are absent.

49
Q

What is Intake?

A

All oral liquids, liquids through tube feedings, and IV’s

50
Q

What is considered output?

A

Urine, diarrhea, vomit, and drainage.

51
Q

What are S/S of Deficient Fluid Volume (DFV)?

A

-Sticky, dry mucous membranes.
-Dry cracked lips
-Tongue has longitudinal furrows

52
Q

What is Skin Turgor used for?

A

To see how well the skin “bounces” back after being pinched.

53
Q

Where is Skin Turgor used in adults?

A

-Sternum
-Forhead
-Inner thigh

54
Q

Where is Skin Turgor used in children?

A

-Abdomen
-Middle thigh

55
Q

What is the main symptom of Excess Fluid Volume (EFV)?

A

Edema

56
Q

What type of sounds in the lungs indicate Excess Fluid Volume?

A

Moist crackles

Nursing Fundamentals (14 decks)

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