LP6: Nutrition and Fluid & Electrolyte (Part2) Flashcards
What are the 2 different types of body fluid?
-Intracellular (ICF)
-Extracellular (ECF)
What is Solute?
Substance dissolved in a solution (powder)
What is Solvent?
Liquid that contains a substance in solution
What is Permeability?
Capability of a substance to diffuse through a membrane
What is Semipermeable?
Selectively permeable (only certain things move through the membrane)
How is the Body Water Distributed?
60% = Body’s total weight
2/3 = Intracellular
1/3 = extracellular
What are Electrolytes?
Compounds that, when dissolved in water or another solvent, forms or dissociates into ions.
What are the Main Electrolytes in Body Fluid?
-Sodium (Na+)
Extracellular
-Calcium (Ca2+)
Extracellular
-Potassium (K+)
Intracellular
-Magnesium (Mg2+)
Intracellular
What is Diffusion?
When particles move
What is Osmosis?
When solvent (liquid) moves
What is Active Transport?
When molecules move against a gradient; needs energy.
What is Hydrostatic Pressure?
When the force of fluid presses outward against the blood vessel wall
What is Filtration?
The movement of fluid through a semipermeable membrane under hydrostatic pressure
What is Colloid Osmotic Pressure?
Created by proteins in the plasma
What hormones cause the kidneys to conserve water?
ADH - Antiduretic hormone
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
What is ADH (Antiduretic hormone?
Is made in the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior pituitary; works on collecting ducts of the nephrones to allow more water to be reabsorbed into the blood.
What is Hyponatremia?
Low sodium (<135 mEq/L)
What are the TREATMENTS for Hyponatremia?
-Limit water
-Encourage high Na+ foods.
What are the CAUSES of Hyponatremia?
-Body fluids are diluted
-Na+ loss
-Vomiting
-Diarrhea
-CHF
-SIADH (CA, meds, stroke)
What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hyponatremia?
-Primarily neurological symptoms
-H/A
-Lethargy (weakness)
-Confussion
-Tremors
-Seizures
What is Hypernatremia?
High levels of Sodium (>145 mEq/L)
What are the CAUSES of Hypernatremia?
-Water deficit
-Too much intake of Na+
-Fever
-Heat stroke
-Severe watery diarrhea
-Meds
What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypernatremia?
-Skin flushed
-Agitation
-Low grade fever
-Thirst
What are the TREATMENTS for Hypernatremia?
-Encoiurage fluids
-Restrict high Na+ foods
What is Hypokalemia?
Low levels of Potassium (<3.5 mEq/L)
Never administer IV potassium; it can cause arrythmias
What are the CAUSES of Hypokalemia?
-GI losses (diarrhea, suction, vomiting)
-Drugs
What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypokalemia?
-Leg cramps
-Weakness
-Decreased bowel sounds
-Heart problems
What are TREATMENTS for hypokalemia?
-Encourage K+ rich foods
-Administer K+ as ordered
What is Hyperkalemia?
High levels of Potassium (>5 mEq/L)
What are the CAUSES of Hyperkalemia?
-Too much intake (salt substitutes)
-Drugs
-Renal failure
-Trauma
What are SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hyperkalemia?
-Paresthesia (numbness, tingling)
-Muscle weakness
-Hyperactive bowel sounds
-Heart problems
What are the TREATMENTS for Hyperkalemia?
-Hold K+
-Avoid high K+ foods/ Na+ sub
What is Hypocalcemia?
Low levels of Calcium (<8.5 mg/dl or 4.5 mEq/L)
What are the CAUSES of Hypocalcemia?
-Surgical removal of parathyroid gland
-Vit D deficiency
-Acute pancreatitis
-Thyroid cancer
What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypocalcemia?
- Muscle cramps
-Numbness
-Tingling
-Cardiac dysrhythmias
-Hyperactive reflexes
What are TREATMENTS for Hypocalcemia?
-Closely monitor respiratory and cardiac status
-Administer oral or IV Ca++ as ordered
-Teach about osteoporosis prevention
What is Hypercalcemia?
High levels of Calcium (>10.5 mg/dl or 5.5 mEq/L)
What are the CAUSES of hypercalcemia?
-Prolonged immobilization
-Parathyroid tumor
-Bone malignancy
-Excess intake of calcium containing antacids or supplements
What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypercalcemia?
-Depressed deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
-Constipation
-Urinary calculi
-Dysrhythmias
-Weakness
What are TREATMENTS for Hyeprcalcemia?
-Increase activity ad ordered
-Encourage oral fluids
-Limit foods high in calcium or calcium supplements
What is Hypomagnesemia?
Low levels of Magnesium
What are the CAUSES of Hypomagnesemia?
-Excessive GI losses (NG, diarrhea)
-Chronic alcoholism
-Pancreatitis
What are SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypomagnesemia?
-Increased deep tendon reflexes
-Tremors
-Convulsions
-Resp difficulties
-Dysrhythmias
What are TREATMENTS for Hypomagnesemia?
-Encourage to eat magnesium-rich foods
-Initiate seizure precautions
What id Hypermagnesemia?
High levels of Magnesium (>2.5 mEq/L)
What are the CAUSES of Hypermagnesemia?
-Renal failure
-Med tx (over supplementation)
What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypermagnesemia?
-Depressed deep-tendon reflexes
-Flushing
-Hypotension
-Resp. depression
-Cardiac arrest
What are TREATMENTS for Hypermagnesemia?
-Monitos vs and LOC
-Notify PCP if patellar reflexes are absent.
What is Intake?
All oral liquids, liquids through tube feedings, and IV’s
What is considered output?
Urine, diarrhea, vomit, and drainage.
What are S/S of Deficient Fluid Volume (DFV)?
-Sticky, dry mucous membranes.
-Dry cracked lips
-Tongue has longitudinal furrows
What is Skin Turgor used for?
To see how well the skin “bounces” back after being pinched.
Where is Skin Turgor used in adults?
-Sternum
-Forhead
-Inner thigh
Where is Skin Turgor used in children?
-Abdomen
-Middle thigh
What is the main symptom of Excess Fluid Volume (EFV)?
Edema
What type of sounds in the lungs indicate Excess Fluid Volume?
Moist crackles
