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Anatomy CP > Lower Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the membrane that connects the hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage?

A
  • Thyrohyoid membrane
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2
Q

What ligament connects thyroid cartilage to cricoid cartilage?

A
  • Cricothyroid ligament
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3
Q

Where is the arytenoid cartilage found and what is its purpose?

A
  • Posterior

- Speech production

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4
Q

Classify the epithelium of the true and false vocal folds

A
  • Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

- Due to mechanical abrasion

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5
Q

What is a cricothyroidotomy?

A
  • Through cricoithyroid membrane + insert small round airway

- Under thyroid bone (Adam’s apple)

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6
Q

What is laryngitis?

A
  • Inflammation of the true or false vocal cords

- Difficulty speaking

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7
Q

Describe the trachea

A
  • 10-16cm, diameter=25mm
  • Terminates at T4/5 sternal angle- Carina
  • Trachealis muscle- smooth involuntary muscle controls diameter of tracheal lumen
  • Hyaline cartilage surrounded by perichondrium
  • Mucosal folds around lumen- easy contraction/ expansion
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8
Q

What important landmarks are found at the sternal angle?

A
  • T4/5
  • Manubrio-sternal joint
  • Thymus
  • 2nd rib joins manubriosternal joint
  • Ascending arch of aorta
  • End of arch of aorta
  • Bifurcation of trachea
  • Bifurcation of pulmonary trunk
  • Ligamentum arteriosum
  • L recurrent laryngeal nerve from vagus
  • Azygos vein over right bronchus into sup vena cave
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9
Q

Describe the bronchi

A
  • Divide into primary, secondary and tertiary

- Right more vertical and wider, therefore more likely for foreign objects to get lodged gere

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10
Q

Describe the primary bronchi

A
  • pulmonary

- Right and left lung

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11
Q

Describe secondary bronchi

A
  • Lobar
  • Right- superior, middle, inferior lobe
  • Left- superior, inferior lobes
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12
Q

Describe tertiary bronchi

A
  • Segmental

- 10 segments in each lung

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13
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A
  • Smallest functional unit of lung
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14
Q

When would a bronchoscopy be done?

A
  • As a result of aspiration of a foreign body
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15
Q

Briefly describe asthma

A
  • Allergic reaction
  • Hyperactivity of smooth muscle
  • Bronchiole contraction
  • Overproduction of mucous (goblet cell metaplasia)
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16
Q

Describe how excessive inflammation can lead to bronchoconstriction

A
  • Hypertrophied smooth muscle in airway walls
  • Thickened basement membrane
  • Inflammatory cells infiltrate submucosal layer- folds inwards
  • Bronchoconstriction
17
Q

What is Hagen-Poiseulle’s law?

A
  • R = 8nL/ π(r⁴)
18
Q

Describe how epithelium and cartilage from bronchi and bronchioles changes

A
  • Bronchi: cartilage and respiratory epithelium
  • Ciliated simple columnar + goblet cells
  • Ciliated low columnar or cuboidal no goblet cells
  • Bronchioles: flattened squamous cells and no cartilage
19
Q

What is a pulmonary lobule?

A
  • Functional unit of lung (1-2.5cm)
  • Contains acinars (bundles of alveolar sacs)
  • Each lobule is defined by an interlobular septum
  • Starts at terminal end of terminal bronchiole to respiratory bronchioles
20
Q

What cells are found at alveoli?

A
  • Macrophages- dust cells that phagocytose bacteria in lung
  • Type 2 pneumocytes- secrete surfactant which reduces tension across alveoli
  • Type I pneumocystis- from alveolar wall, very thin allow for effective diffusion, fused to basal lamina to decrease diffusion distance
21
Q

Describe the hilum of the lung

A
  • Root- pulmonary bronchi, pulmonary artery + vein
  • On the right- bronchus superior to everything else, then artery and vein
  • On the left- pulmonary artery superior to primary bronchi, then vein (surrounded by pulmonary ligament)
22
Q

Describe the bronchial circulation

A
  • Supply of oxy. blood to walls of respiratory tree and visceral pleura
  • Bronchial artery (small vessels from thoracic aorta)
  • Bronchial veins ( drain into azygos system)
23
Q

Describe bronchial arteries

A
  • Branch off descending arch of aorta
  • 2 on left, 1 on right
  • Superior left bronchial artery
  • Inferior left bronchial artery
  • Right bronchial artery
24
Q

Describe bronchial veins

A
  • Asymmetrical
  • Left bronchial vein drains into accessory hemi-azygos vein (in the superior left thoracic cavity)
  • Right bronchial vein drains into azygos vein
25
Q

Describe the bronchial nerve supply

A
  • Sympathetic input (T1-4 vertebrae)- airways dilate
  • Parasympathetic input (Cranial Neve X- vagus nerve)- airways constrict
    • Forms plexus at bifurcation of bronchi at anterior and posterior pulmonary plexus

Anatomy CP (8 decks)

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