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Anatomy CP > Anatomy of the Heart > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different surfaces of the heart?

A
  • Sternocostal
  • Diaphragmatic
  • Apex (points towards left hip)
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2
Q

What is the coronary sulcus?

A

Groove between two atria and ventricles

- Circumnavigates the heart

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3
Q

What are the three grooves found on the heart?

A
  • Coronary sulcus
  • Anterior inter ventricular sulcus
  • Posterior inter ventricular sulcus
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4
Q

What is the anterior interventricular sulcus?

A
  • Groove between R+L ventricles
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5
Q

What is the posterior inter ventricular sulcus?

A
  • Groove between right and left ventricles posteriorly
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6
Q

What are the names of the AV valves?

A
  • Right- tricuspid- 3 cusps

- Left- bicuspid- 2 cusps

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7
Q

What are the names of the semi-lunar valves?

A
  • Pulmonary trunk valve

- Aortic valve

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8
Q

What is the function of the connective tissue skeleton/.

A
  • Protects the heart and maintains shape during contraction- increases collagen
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9
Q

Describe the arrangement of vessels and valves in the heart

A
  • Pulmonary trunk is more anterior to aorta and heart

- Two cusp valves are posterior to the aorta

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10
Q

Describe the pressure of blood in the right ventricle

A
  • Low pressure

- High pressure would burst capillaries around alveoli

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11
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  • Involuntary striated muscle
  • Pulls in one direction
  • Curved around the heart
  • Striated means linear contraction but circular wrapping allows constriction of the heart
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12
Q

What are the three layers of muscle around the ventricles?

A
  • Outer spiralling longitudinal fibres
  • Inner spiralling longitudinal fibres
  • Middle circular
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13
Q

Describe outer spiralling longitudinal fibres

A
  • Arise from cardiac skeleton

- Run towards apex (also known as vortex)

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14
Q

Describe inner spiralling longitudinal fibres

A

Trabeculae carnae and papillary muscles

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15
Q

Describe middle circular fibres

A
  • Strong fibres
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16
Q

What are the openings of right atrium?

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Coronary sinus (drains supply to the heart)
  • Tricuspid valve
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17
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A
  • Groove in heart muscle

- Define pectinate from smooth (separates)

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18
Q

Describe pectinate muscles of right atria

A
  • Textured
  • Ridges of muscle on anterior wall of atria
  • Not found in ventricles
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19
Q

Where is the smooth region of the right atrium found?

A
  • In posterior end of atrium
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20
Q

Where is sinoatrial node found?

A
  • At the point where superior vena cava enter the right atrium
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21
Q

What is the name of the valve between the coronary sinus and right atrium?

A

Thebesian valve

22
Q

What is the name of the valve between the inferior vena cava to the right atrium?

A

Eustachian valve

23
Q

What is an auricle?

A
  • Projection from atria (pouch)
  • Increased in pectinate muscles
  • Allow for extra filling of atrium and due to large pectinate muscles
  • Increased pressure entering
24
Q

Where is the tendon of todaro found?

A
  • Between Thebesian and Eustachian valve
25
Q

What are the components of the right ventricle?

A
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Papillary muscles
  • Chordae tendinae
26
Q

What is the origin of the papillary muscles?

A
  • From the wall of the right ventricle
27
Q

What is chordae tendinae?

A
  • Heart strings
  • Attached to papillary muscles
  • Anchor leaflet of tricuspid valves to the papillary muscles to prevent tricuspid folding back inwards
28
Q

What are the trabeculae carnae?

A
  • Wall of ventricles
  • More developed version of pectinate muscles
  • Increase efficiency efficiency of the pumping
29
Q

Describe the left atrium

A
  • 4 pulmonary veins
  • Also has fossa ovalis- in foetal stages the fossa ovalis was a hole between the right and left atrium
  • Bicuspid valve
  • Auricle- with pectinate muscles
30
Q

Describe the components of the left ventricle

A
  • Opening of aorta
  • Bicuspid valve (mitral)
  • Papillary muscles + chordae tendinae + trabecular carnae
31
Q

Describe the mitral valve

A
  • 2leaflets (anterior and posterior)

- Anterior is 1/3 of the hole, posterior 2/3

32
Q

Briefly describe innervation of the heart

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • Both are carried as visceral fibres (pain)
33
Q

Describe the vagus nerve

A
  • Parasympathetic
  • Also joins cardiac plexus
  • Left and right
  • Right supplies SAN
  • Left supplies the AVN and sometimes purkinje fibres
34
Q

Describe the sympathetic innervation of the heart

A
  • Comes from L+R sympathetic chain
  • All over the heart
  • T1-T5- ventral rami–> connect with sympathetic trunk –> cardiac plexus –> over surface of heart
35
Q

What does sympathetic innervation result in?

A
  • Increase in contractility and strength of contractions and rate of contractions
36
Q

Describe the superficial cardiac plexus

A
  • Anterior surface under arch of aorta
  • Close to ligamentum arteriosum
  • Close to deep cardiac plexus (indistinguishable from pulmonary plexus)
37
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A
  • Ligament between aorta and pulmonary artery
38
Q

What is referred pain?

A
  • Visceral pain projected to other regions
  • E.g. visceral afferents from arm- ischaemic attack from blockage of coronary arteries and necrosis of muscles in the arm
39
Q

What are the spinal levels for intercostal nerves?

A
  • T3, 4, 5
  • Sensory supply to the heart has the same dorsal roots
  • Therefore during heart attacks pain can be felt in a band across the chest (intercostal nerve) and in part of the upper limb as T1 extends into brachial plexus
40
Q

Why might pain from a heart attack be felt more in the left arm than in the right?

A
  • Heart is more to the left
  • 2/3 more
  • The brain cannot distinguish visceral pain location
41
Q

What are the two sinuses found in the pericardium?

A
  • Transverse pericardial sinus

- Oblique pericardial sinus

42
Q

What is transverse pericardial sinus?

A
  • Runs transversely are separates cardiac veins and arteries from everything else
43
Q

What is oblique pericardial sinus?

A
  • Folds around veins coming into the left atrium from the lung
44
Q

What is the fluid in the pericardial cavity and what is its function?

A
  • Serous fluid

- Lubricates layers between beats

45
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Serous pericardium parietal layer
  • Serous pericardium visceral layer (or epicardium- usually cannot separate between two layers)
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Endocardium
46
Q

What is a cardiac tamponade?

A
  • Leakage of fluid between epicardium and parietal layer (into pericardial cavity)
  • Build up of pressure- fibrous pericardium is very thick so pressure directed inwardly
47
Q

What is the consequence of the high pressure in a cardiac tamponade?

A
  • Heart cannot expand/fill effectively
  • Less blood leaves heart
  • Less oxygen getting to tissues
  • Heart compensated by increasing rate of beats
  • Also a fall in bp, back up of blood in jugular veins- swelling
  • Loss of consciousness and sudden death
48
Q

Where would you place the stethoscope for pulmonary valve sounds?

A
  • 2nd intercostal space on left joins sternum
49
Q

Where would you place the stethoscope for mitral valve sounds?

A
  • Apex beat 3/4 cm to the left of the diploid process in 5th intercostal space
50
Q

Where you place the stethoscope for tricuspid valve sounds?

A
  • Where 5th rib makes contact with sternum
51
Q

Where do you place the stethoscope for aortic valve sounds?

A
  • where 2nd intercostal space on right joins sternum

Anatomy CP (8 decks)

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